DECE1-UNIT2-IGNOU-DAY10(ENG)-ORSP

UNIT 2

BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Structure

2.1 Introduction

2.2. Scope of Child Development

• 2.2.1 Development and Growth
• 2.2.2 Stages of Development
• 2.2.3 Areas of Development

2.3 Importance of the Study of Child Development

• 2.3.1 Describing Universal Patterns of Development
• 2.32 Explaining Individual Differences in Development
• 2.3.3 Understanding Human Behavior
• 23.4 Application Day-to-Day Interactions with Children

2.4 Importance of Infancy and Early Childhood

25 Summing Up

2.6 Glossary

2.7 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises

2.1 INTRODUCTION

In the earlier Unit you have read that each child has different experiences during

childhood. The variety of experiences accounts for some of the differences among

children. What other factors are responsible for differences among children? These and

related issues are the concern of the field of Child Development. In this Unit you will

read about the scope and importance of the discipline of Child Development.

Objectives

• After studying this Unit you should be able to
• explain the scope of the discipline of Child Development
• differentiate between development and growth
• explain the stages of development
• describe the different areas of development
• discuss the significance of the study of Child Development

2.2 SCOPE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Think of a fertilized ovum in the womb of the mother. Is it not astonishing how the

single celled organism develops into a human baby in nine months? This baby has

complex systems like the respiratory system, the nervous system and the skeletal system

which are a part of the equipment for survival. The newborn child responds to

touch and able see, smell and cry. These capacities will help her to adjust to the

surroundings which are very different from those in the womb. Despite these abilities

the infant is dependent on the caregiver for nurturance. A child who is totally dependent

on the caregiver will slowly learn to sit, then stand and then walk. She will also learn to

feed and clothe herself and express her needs verbally. Gradually, the child will become

more independent and her interests will widen. She will make friends and participate

activities with them and help with tasks at home. She may also get involved in income

generating activities. She may choose a vocation and take courses to prepare for it.

This child will grow into an adult who will be economically independent, get married

and have children. How docs this transformation come about from a single celled

organism in the mother’s womb to a person who is a competent adult and an involved

citizen?

What makes you the person you are? How is it that your own brothers and sisters are

different from you – not just in the way they look but also in their behaviour ? Why is

it that one child is popular in the neighborhood and has many friends while the other

prefers to play alone? What makes one child a leader in her group while the other is

timid and stays close to the teacher all the time? Do all children develop various skills

and abilities at the same time? Are all three year old children similar? What should be

expected from a four year old child? Is there a pattern in development by which one

can expect a three year old to behave differently from a five year old? Such questions

are the concern of the field of Child Development.

The discipline of Child Development is concerned with the changes in the behaviour of

children over time and explains why and how they occur. Thus it aims to describe and

explain development in the areas of physical, social, emotional, language and cognitive

functioning. However, childhood experiences have an impact on the ways of thinking

and behaviour in adulthood. Thus the student of Child Development is concerned with

growth and behaviour that affects the entire lifespan. This course is, however, limited to

understanding the development of children from birth to six years.

2.2.1 Development and Growth

The terms ‘development’ and ‘growth’ have been used in the foregoing discussion. Can

you tell what is the difference between the two? The term development has been used

to refer to changes in the body, thinking capacities and social and emotional behaviour.

Can we call all such changes ‘development’? Let us understand this through an example,

When a three month old child becomes hungry, she begins to cry. Once she is fed her

behaviour changes. She becomes quiet again. Such a short behavioural change is not

termed ‘development’.

The term ‘development’ is used for changes in a person’s physical and behavioural traits

that emerge orderly ways and last for a reasonable period of time. The three main

characteristics of these changes are that they are progressive, orderly and long lasting.

The term ‘progressive’ implies that these changes result in acquisition of skills and

abilities that are complex, finer and more efficient than the ones that preceded them. To

understand this, let us consider the advancement that takes place from crawling to

walking and from babbling to taking. Walking requires the child to move upright and

balance one foot after the other. This requires greater coordination of the muscles and is

more complex than crawling. Walking is also more useful as it frees the hands for other

activities and increases the range of vision. Similarly, talking grows out of babbling and

is certainly more complex and effective communicating with others.

The term ‘orderly’ suggests that there is an order in development. Every development

is built upon the previous one and cannot occur before it. Thus a child has to be able

to crawl before she can walk and walk before she can run. Similarly, the adult’s

ability to handle complex situations is built upon the child’s capability of doing

simpler tasks. The ability to take decisions in adult life develops out of the childhood

experiences of selecting which game to play or which book to read. Development,

therefore, is a process through which a person learns to function with greater ease and

competence.

“Growth’ refers to physical increase in the size of the body. Increase in weight, height

and the size of internal organs is growth. Growth refers to a quantitative change, that is,

a change that can be measured. However, we do not merely grow in size. If that were

so, a newborn baby would simply be a bigger baby at the age of 20 years. Something

else happens along with increase in size — there is a change in form and an increase in

the complexity of body parts and their functioning, thinking abilities and social skills,

among many others. In other words, we do not merely grow, but also develop.

Development thus refers to both quantitative as well as qualitative changes. It i

changes not only in structure but also in function. Development may be defined as

orderly and relatively enduring changes over time physical and neurological structure,

thought processes and behaviour that every organism goes through from the beginning

of its life end. Growth only one aspect of the larger process of development

Development continues even when physical changes are not visible. Physical growth

slows down considerably after adolescence but development does not. There is

development in the complexity of thought and social skills, as also in the use of

It includes o the language.

2.2.2 Stages of Development

The human life span has been divided into the stages of infancy, childhood, adolescence

and adulthood. You have become familiar with these words in the text. In these stages

there are characteristic differences in the thought processes and skills of individuals. Let

us now briefly read about these stages.

The period from birth to two years of age is referred to as the period of Infancy. In

this period the child is totally dependent on the caregiver for the fulfilment of her needs.

After birth, this is the period of most rapid growth and development. The child’s skills

and abilities increase. By the end of infancy she is able to walk, run, communicate her

needs verbally, feed herself, identify family members, recognize herself and venture

confidendy in familiar surroundings.

Confidently exploring the world around her

The period of childhood is from two to twelve years of age. Development at this stage

not as rapid as during infancy. During this period the child refines the skills she has

acquired during infancy and learns new skills as well. This is the period when

coordination of

the parts of the body improves. During childhood she also learns the

ways of behaviour that are considered appropriate by the society. The child meets many

people outside the family and forms attachments with more people. As the child grows

and her thinking capacities mature, she realizes that she can do many things. She can

play on a swing, make a bouse from sand, draw, paint or sing a song. This gives her a

feeling of confidence. During this period she becomes more independent though adult

guidance is constantly needed.

The period of childhood is divided into two stages: the period of early childhood

(2-6 years) and middle childhood (6-12 years). The period of early childhood is also

referred to as the preschool age because at this age the child is learning skills that will

help her to do tasks associated with schooling. The preschooler has mastered the words

to ask questions about things and people. She learns about numbers, colours, shapes and

the reasons for everyday events. All these concepts

develop from actually seeing things

and doing various activities. Doing a task is important for learning about it. She learns

to make friends and values relationships with people. Children’s ability to imagine

receives a major spurt during this period. This can be seen in their play. They enjoy

playing games that require them to pretend and make-believe. Preschoolers cannot play

together for long. After some time they start playing independently again, though they

may be with each other. You will read more about this aspect of play of children in

The child in the age group 6-12 years has matured a great deal and is expected to

behave more responsibly than the preschooler. Parental expectations of the child increase.

The child moves out of the home to help the family members in their work and may

even go to school all by herself. Middle childhood is the period when the child becomes

involved in Icarning skills that will help her to take up a vocation later on. The child’s

store of information grows at a fast pace. Her thinking develops rapidly and her interest

in the outside world grows by Icaps and bounds. There is active interaction with children

of the same age. They are able to cooperate with each other during play and are able to

follow the rules of the game. Playing team games is a development of this period.

The next stage is referred to as the period of adolescence (12-18 yrs.) The beginning of

this period is marked by puberty. Puberty refers to the stage around 11-14 years of age

when there is a spurt in physical growth. This results in a rapid increase in height and

weight and the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics. Examples of these are the

development of facial hair in boys and development of breasts in girls. The onset of

puberty is carlier for girls than for boys. These rapid physical changes lead to a need for

emotional readjustment.

At this age the peer group becomes very important and the adolescent follows the rules

and the codes of her group. Feelings of loyalty and pride for the group are very strong.

At times the values of the peer group may become more important than those of the

family. There are conflicting expectations of the adolescent. Sometimes she is expected

to behave as an adult and at other times she is treated like a child. During this stage she

also has to choose a vocation or prepare for marriage. During adolescence thinking

develops further and becomes more complex. The individual can understand and deal

with varied situations. She can think of abstract problems and work out their solutions.

All this helps her to prepare for the roles and responsibilities she will be expected to

carry out as an adult.

After the age of 18 years the person is referred to as an adult. There may be different

criteria for considering a person an adult. One may be the ability to support oneself

economically and another may be getting married and starting a family. But individuals

from some families continue to remain financially dependent on their parents till early

twenties. In others, both marriage and work may have to be taken up before adulthood.

There are also social and legal definitions of adulthood. For example, an Indian can vote

in the elections at eighteen years. Legally, girls may get married at 18 years and boys at

21 years of age. However, adulthood typically involves either working or preparing for

one’s livelihood. By now physical changes are complete and the person is mature. It is

important to remember that these divisions of the life span are not rigid. It is not as if

the child suddenly changes from an infant to a preschooler or from a child to an

adolescent. Change is a gradual and continuous process and transition from one phase of

life to another will be different for every individual. You will read in detail about the

periods of infancy and early childhood in this course.

Check Your Progress Exercise 1

1) Explain the meaning of the term ‘Child Development in the space provided below.

2) Read the sentences given below carefully and fill in appropriate words in the blanks:

a) Development implies as well as ……. changes while growth refers only to changes that can be ………..

b) The three main characteristics of changes that can be termed development are………..,…….. and ……….

3) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

a) After birth, infancy is the period of growth.

b) The period of childhood is divided into preschool years spanning ………… to ……… years and middle childhood

spanning………….. to ……… years.

c) …………..  is characterized by the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics.

DECE1-UNIT2-IGNOU-DAY10-ORSP

QUIZ TIME

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OSSSC Prelims MINI MOCK TEST-13

1 / 25

The ratio of two number is 9 : 16 and their HCF is 34. Calculate the LCM of these two numbers.

4856

4896

4500

3969

2 / 25

Find the product of two consecutive numbers where four times the first number is 10 more than thrice the second number.

210

182

306

156

GIVEN :

Four times the first number is 10 more than thrice the second number.

CALCULATION :

Suppose the numbers are ‘a’ and ‘a + 1’.

According to the question :

4a = 3 × (a + 1) + 10

⇒ a = 13

Hence, the numbers are 13 and 14.

∴ Product = 13 × 14 = 182

3 / 25

If a sum of money doubles in 5 years at simple interest, then what is the rate of interest?

25%

14.8%

5%

20%

4 / 25

If 2^a+b = 8 and 8^a-b = 2; Then which of the following is correct ?

a =5/3 , b = 4/3

a =5 , b = 6

a =7 , b = 9

a =2 , b = 3

5 / 25

The average of a group of 20 numbers is 30 and that of another group of 30 numbers is 50. What is the average of all the numbers in both the groups? 

43.5

45

40

42

Given:

The average of a group of 20 numbers is 30

The average of another group of 30 numbers is 50.

Formula Used:

Average = Sum of all observation/Number of observation

Calculation:

Let's assume the sum of the numbers in the first group as S1 and the sum of the numbers in the second group as S2.

According to the given information, the average of the first group of 20 numbers is 30, so we have:

⇒ S1/20 = 30

⇒ S1 = 20 × 30

⇒ S1 = 600

Similarly, the average of the second group of 30 numbers is 50, so we have:

⇒ S2/30 = 50

⇒ S2 = 30 × 50

⇒ S2 = 1500

To find the average of all the numbers in both groups, we need to calculate the total sum and the total count.

The total sum is the sum of the numbers in both groups, which is:

Total sum = S1 + S2 = 600 + 1500 = 2100

The total count is the sum of the number of elements in both groups, which is:

Total count = 20 + 30 = 50

Therefore, the average of all the numbers in both groups is:

Average = Total sum / Total count = 2100 / 50 = 42

Therefore, the correct answer is: 42

6 / 25

The Ajanta Cave Paintings are a testimony to the golden age of ________ in India.

Buddhism

Shaivism

Jainism

Vaishnavism

• Ajanta
  • The most famous cave site is Ajanta.
  • It is located in the Aurangabad District of Maharashtra State.
  • Ajanta has 29 caves.
  • It has four chaitya caves datable to the earlier phase, i.e., the second and the first century BCE (Cave Nos. 10 and 9), and the later phase, i.e., the 5th century CE (Cave No. 19 and 26).
  • It has large chaitya viharas and is decorated with sculptures and paintings.
  • Ajanta is the only surviving example of a painting of the 1st century BCE and the 5th century CE.
  • The caves at Ajanta as well as in western Deccan in general have no precise chronology because of the lack of known dated inscriptions.
• The Ajanta caves were inscribed by the Buddhist monks, under the patronage of the Vakataka kings - Harishena being a prominent one. ​
• Painting:
  • The figures in these caves were done using fresco painting.
  • The outlines of the paintings were done in red colour.
  • One of the striking features is the absence of blue colour in the paintings.
  • The paintings are generally themed around Buddhism the life of Buddha and Jataka stories.
  • The caves were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.

7 / 25

Which of the followings has been dubbed as ‘India's maiden human spaceflight programme’?

Mangalyaan — II

Gaganyaan

Chandrayaan — II

Aditya L - 1

The correct answer is Gaganyaan

• Mission Gaganyaan has been dubbed as 'India's maiden human spaceflight program'.
• India is planning to send the astronauts into space by 2025.
• Under the Gaganyaan schedule, three flights will be sent in orbit.
• Of the three, there will be two unmanned flights and one human spaceflight.
• The human space flight program, called the Orbital Module will have three Indian astronauts, including a woman.

Program	Description
Mangalyaan -II	Mars Orbiter Mission II is India's second interplanetary mission planned for launch to Mars in the year 2024 by ISRO.
Chandrayaan - II	It is the second lunar exploration mission developed by ISRO and launched in the year 2019.
Aditya L-I	It is a solar coronagraph mission of ISRO.

8 / 25

The Classical dance form ‘Kuchipudi’ belongs to which Indian state?

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh

Kerala

The correct answer is Andhra Pradesh.

Key Points

• The Kuchipudi dance originated in Andhra Pradesh.
• It is one of the major forms of Indian classical dance.
• It originated in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, a village called Kuchipudi.
• It is a dance-drama performance that has its roots in the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text of Natya Shastra.
• It evolved like all major classical dances of India as a religious art linked to travelling bards, temples, and spiritual beliefs.
• Mridangam, cymbals, veena, flute, and tambura are the traditional musical instruments in Kuchipudi.

Additional Information

State	Dance form
Tamil Nadu	Bharatnatyam
Uttar Pradesh	Kathak
Andhra Pradesh	Kuchipudi
Odisha	Odissi
Kerala	Kathakali
Assam	Sattriya
Kerala	Mohiniyattam
Manipur	Manipuri

9 / 25

Which ruler of Vijayanagar Empire got the title of Andhra Bhoj?

Vir Narasimha

Harihar

Bukka

Krishna Deva Raya

The correct answer is Krishna Deva Raya.

Key Points

• Though a Vaishnavaite, Krishna Deva Raya respected all religions as a great patron of literature and art and he was known as Andhra Bhoja.
• Eight eminent scholars known as Ashta diggajas were at his royal court.
•  Allasani Peddanna was the greatest and he was called Andhrakavita Pitamaga. His important works include Manucharitam and Harikathasaram.
• Pingali Suranna and Tenali Ramakrishna were other important scholars.
• Krishna Deva Raya himself authored a Telugu work, Amukthamalyadha and Sanskrit works, JambavatiKalyanam and Ushaparinayam.

​Additional Information

• He built the famous Vittalaswamy and HazaraRamaswamy temples at Vijayanagar.
• He also built a new city called Nagalapuram in memory of his mother Nagaladevi.

Image of Andhra Deva Raya

10 / 25

Which planet is made up of thick white and yellowish clouds of sulfuric acid?

Uranus

Venus

Neptune

Mars

The correct answer is Venus.

• Venus is made up of thick white and yellowish clouds of sulfuric acid.

Key Points

• Venus:
  • The planet is nearest to the Earth and is also the brightest planet.
  • Venus is known as the “Evening Star” as well as “Morning Star”.
  • Known as the “Veiled Planet”.
  • Also known as the “Earth’s twin”. It also rotates clockwise like Uranus.
  • Venus is the hottest planet (even hotter than Mercury).
  • Venus has no water on it. There is no sufficient oxygen on Venus.

Additional Information Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are called terrestrial planets.

• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are called gaseous planets.
• Uranus is about four times the size of the Earth.
  • This planet appears Greenish in colour because of methane gas present in its atmosphere.
• Neptune is surrounded by methane rings of sub-zero temperature.

11 / 25

Directions: Questions are based on the degree of comparison (positive comparative and superlative). Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word/words from the given alternative circle accordingly in your answer sheet.

Lata has the _______ amount of milk.

least

less

little

more less

The correct answer is 'least'.

Key Points

• In the given sentence, "least" is the correct answer.
• In the given blank, we need a determiner "Least is the superlative form of little" and it can be used as a determiner with the uncountable noun followed by it.
  • For example- These farming methods cause the least damage to the environment.
• In addition to this, We use the quantifier "least" to talk about quantities, amounts, and degrees.
  • For example; He did the least work of any of us.
• In the given sentence, "Little" is incorrect because "the little" will also become a quantifier, and "amount of" will also become a quantifier hence, we don't need to use two quantifiers together. Hence, we will use a determiner i.e. "Least"

So the correct answer is- Lata has the least amount of milk.

12 / 25

Select the most appropriate ANTONYM of the given word.

Obscure

Blurred

Apparent

Cloudy

Veiled

The correct answer is 'Apparent'.

Key Points

• The most appropriate antonym of the given word 'Obscure' is 'Apparent'.
• Obscure: not easy to see or understand. (जो आसानी से दिखाई न पड़े या समझ में न आए, धुँधला या दुर्बोध)
  • Example: For some obscure reason, he decided to give up his well-paid job, to become a writer.
• Apparent: that seems to be real or true but may not be. (वास्‍तविक जैसा, आभासी)
  • Example: It quickly became apparent to us that our teacher could not speak French.

Correct Answer: Apparent.

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
  • Blurred: unable to see or be seen clearly. (स्पष्ट रूप से देखने या देखने में असमर्थ)
  • Cloudy: (used about the sky, etc.) full of clouds. [(आकाश) मेघाच्‍छन्‍न; बादलों से ढका]
  • Veiled: not expressed directly or clearly because you do not want your meaning to be obvious. (अप्रत्‍यक्ष या अस्‍पष्‍ट)

13 / 25

Select the most appropriate option to fill in the blank.

He ______ done it.

should had not

should have been

should not had

shouldn't have

The correct answer is 'shouldn't have'.

Key Points

• The sentence is a suggestion that can be a positive or a negative one. Such sentences are usually in the present tense.
• Option 1 and 3 use the past tense ('had') and the phrases are grammatically incorrect.
• Option 2 indicates an obligation/ expectation: For example, should have been on time. Also, it requires you to replace the verb 'done' with 'doing' due to the presence of 'been'. Since that's not possible in the given sentence, 2 cannot be our answer. 
• Option 4 is the short form of 'should not have', which is grammatically correct
• Correct sentence: He shouldn't have done it.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

14 / 25

Select the most appropriate synonym of the given word.

Benevolence

Severity

Malevolence

Compassion

Impassion

The correct answer is "Compassion".

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the given word.
  • Benevolence: the quality of being well-meaning; kindness.
• Let's look at the meaning of the given options.
  • ​Severity: the fact or condition of being severe.
  • Malevolence: the state or condition of being malevolent; hostility.
  • Compassion: sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others.
  • Impassion: make passionate.
• ​As per the meaning of the given words, "compassion" is the appropriate synonym for the word "benevolence".

​Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Hinglish

• Let's look at the meaning of the given word.​
  • Benevolence: अच्छी तरह से अर्थ होने की गुणवत्ता; दयालुता।
• Let's look at the meaning of the given options.
  • ​​Severity: गंभीर होने का तथ्य या स्थिति।
  • Malevolence: द्वेषपूर्ण होने की अवस्था या भाव; शत्रुता।
  • Compassion: दूसरों के कष्टों या दुर्भाग्य के लिए सहानुभूतिपूर्ण दया और चिंता।
  • Impassion: make passionate.
• ​As per the meaning of the given words, "compassion" is the appropriate synonym for the word "benevolence".

​​Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

15 / 25

I _________ Mumbai six times in 2015.

Choose the correct tense form that fits the blank.

visit

visits

visited

have visited

The correct answer is 'visited.'

Key Points 

• Simple Past tense: Simple past tense refers to an event that has already happened in the past.
  • ​Example: Lieniana went to a grocery shop after many years.
• The formula used for Simple past tense:
  • Subject + V2 + Object.
• In the given sentence, we are talking about something that has already happened (past).
• We have to use "visited" as the sentence is in the past as the year 2015 is given.
• All the other options are eliminated because of this reason.

 

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Complete Sentence: I visited Mumbai six times in 2015. 

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ପୁଣି ଦେଖାଯାଏ, କେହି କେହି ସ୍ନେହ ଓ ମମତାର ଅଧୀନ ହୋଇ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସ୍ନେହାସ୍ପଦ ବା ମମତାବଦ୍ଧ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ସର୍ବଦା ଅନୁକୂଳ ଭାବରେ ସମାଲୋଚନା କରନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଦୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଉପରେ କୌଣସି ମନ୍ତବ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ ନ କରି ସେଗୁଡିକୁ ଲୋକସମାଜରୁ ଲୁଚାଇ ରଖନ୍ତି। ମାତ୍ର ସମାଲୋଚନା କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ସକୀର୍ଣ୍ଣତାର ଆଶ୍ରୟ ନେଇ ସର୍ବଦା ଅନୁକୂଳ ମତ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ଏବଂ ବିଶେଷତଃ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିମାନଙ୍କର ଅସତ୍ୟ ଚିତ୍ର ପ୍ରଦାନକରିବା କେବଳ ହିନତା ଛଡ଼ା କିଛି ନୁହେଁ। ମିତ୍ରର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଯେତେ ନୀଚ ହେଲେ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ମହତ୍‌ ଏବଂ ଶତ୍ରୁର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଗୁଡିକ ଯେତେ ମହାନ ହେଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅପ୍ରଶଂନୀୟ ଏହିପରି ମତ ପ୍ରକାଶକରି ସମାଲୋଚକମାନେ ସ୍ଥୁଳ ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କତାର ପରିଚୟ ଦେଇଥାନ୍ତି। ଏହି ହୀନତା, ଏହି ସଂକୀର୍ଣ୍ଣତା ଯେତେଦିନ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଜାତୀୟ-ଜୀବନରେ ସ୍ଥାନ ପାଉଥିବ, ତାହାର ବିକାଶ ସେତେଦିନ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସୁଦୂର ପରାହତ ହୋଇ ରହିଥିବ। ଏହାଛଡା ଆଉ କେତେକ ଲୋକ ଏତେ ଭୀରୁ ଓ ଦୁର୍ବଳ ଯେ ସେମାନେ କୌଣସି ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ନିଜ ନିଜର ସ୍ବାଧୀନ ମତ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତକରିବାକୁ ବଡ଼ କୁଣ୍ଠିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି। ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଆସ୍ଥା ଏତେ ଅଧିକ ଯେ, ସେମାନେ ଭୟରେ ବିବେକବାଣୀର ଉଚ୍ଛ୍ଵାସ ବନ୍ଦକରି ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଶିଥିଳ ମତ ପ୍ରକାଶକରିଥାନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଏହି ଶିଥିଳତାବଶତଃ ଅନେକ ସମୟରେ ଅସତ୍ୟକୁ ସତ୍ୟ ବୋଲି ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାକୁ ବାଧ୍ୟ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି। ମାତ୍ର ଏପରି ଦୁର୍ବଳତା ଶୀଘ୍ର ପରିତ୍ୟଜ୍ୟ। ଅବଶ୍ୟ ଏଥିରୁ ବୁଝିବାକୁ ହେବ ନାହିଁ ଯେ, ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କୁ ମାନ୍ୟଗଣ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିମାନଙ୍କ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଅଯଥା ଲଘୁମତ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବାକୁ ହେବ। ଦୋଷର ସମାଲୋଚନା ଶ୍ରେୟସ୍କର, ମାତ୍ର ଏହା ବୋଲି ଅଭକ୍ତି, ଅଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧା ଓ ଅହଂକାରରେ ଚାଳିତହୋଇ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କ ମହତ୍ତ୍ଵ ନଷ୍ଟ କରିବା ସର୍ବଦା ଅବିଧେୟ। ଉପରେ ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ କିପରି ମନ୍ତବ୍ୟ ଦେବାକୁ ହେବ, ତାହା ଆଲୋଚନା କରିଅଛୁ। ମାତ୍ର ଏହାଛଡା ମାନବ ସ୍ୱୟଂ ନିଜର ଜ୍ଞାନ, ଧର୍ମ ଓ ଚରିତ୍ର ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଆଲୋଚନା କରି ନିଜ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ମତ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଥାଏ। ଏହାକୁ ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ''ସ୍ଵଗତ ମନ୍ତବ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ'' ବୋଲି କହିପାରୁ। ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଦେଖାଯାଉ, ଏହି ସ୍ବଗତ-ମନ୍ତବ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକାଶରେ କି କି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଗତିକରିବାକୁ ହେବ।

କେହି କେହି ସ୍ନେହାସ୍ପଦ ଲୋକ ମାନଙ୍କୁ କିପରି ସମାଲୋଚନା କରନ୍ତି ?

ସ୍ନେହପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭାବରେ

ଅନୁକୂଳ ଭାବରେ

ଦୋଷକୁ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ନଦେବା

ହୀନ ଭାବରେ

ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି "ଅନୁକୂଳ ଭାବରେ"।

• ଦତ୍ତ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ ଅନୁସାରେ; କେତେକ ସ୍ନେହ ଓ ମମତାର ଅଧୀନ ହୋଇ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସ୍ନେହାସ୍ପଦ ବା ମମତାବଦ୍ଧ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ସର୍ବଦା ଅନୁକୂଳ ଭାବରେ ସମାଲୋଚନା କରନ୍ତି। 
• ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଦୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଉପରେ କୌଣସି ମନ୍ତବ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ ନ କରି ସେଗୁଡିକୁ ଲୋକସମାଜରୁ ଲୁଚାଇ ରଖନ୍ତି।

Key Points

• ଆମ ସମାଜରେ ବହୁ ଏମନ୍ତ ଲୋକ ଅଛନ୍ତି ଯେଉଁମାନେ ସ୍ନେହ ଓ ମମତାରେ ଅନ୍ଧ ହୋଇ ନିଜର ନିକଟସ୍ଥ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସପକ୍ଷରେ କଥା କୁହନ୍ତି।
• ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଦୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲୋକସମାଜରୁ ଲୁଚାଇ ରଖନ୍ତି।
• ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତଆଦିକୁ ସମର୍ଥନ ବା ପୋଷଣ କରନ୍ତି।
• ସୁତରାଂ ସ୍ନେହ ଓ ମମତା ହେତୁ କେହି କେହି ସ୍ନେହାସ୍ପଦ ଲୋକ ମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅନୁକୂଳ ଭାବରେ ସମାଲୋଚନା କରନ୍ତି।

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ନାମଧାତୁଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ସ କ'ଣ?

ଉପସର୍ଗ, ଉଦ୍ଧିତ

ଅବ୍ୟୟ, ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ 

ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ, ବିଶେଷଣ 

ଅନ୍ୟକିଛି 

3) ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ, ବିଶେଷଣ ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର 

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା :

• ଶବ୍ଦରେ ବିଶେଷ ବିଶେଷ ଅର୍ଥରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ କରି ଯେଉଁ ଧାତୁ ନିଷ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ ତାହାକୁ ନାମଧାତୁ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ଯେଉ ପଦ ନାମ , ସଂଜ୍ଞା ଓ ପରିମାଣ କୁ ବୁଝାଏ ତାହାକୁ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ

• ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦର ଗୁଣ , ସଂଖ୍ୟା , ଅବସ୍ଥା ଓ ପରିମାଣକୁ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଭାବେ ବିଶେଷିତ କରେ ବା ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ ତାହାକୁ ବିଶେଷଣ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ଯେଉ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ଓ ବିଶେଷଣ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ଆଧାର କରି ହୋଇଥାଏ ତାହାକୁ ନାମଧାତୁ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ
•  ନାମଧାତୁଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ସ 3) ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ, ବିଶେଷଣ  

Additional Information

• ସଂସ୍କୃତରେ ନାମ ଧାତୁର ଉଦାହରଣ—ପାର୍ଥ ଶବ୍ଦରୁ ନାମ ଧାତୁ ପାର୍ଥାୟ; ହରିତ ଶବ୍ଦରୁ ନାମ ଧାତୁ ହରିତାୟ।
• ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ ନାମଧାତୁର ଉଦାହରଣ ଗୋଡ଼ ଶବ୍ଦରୁ ନାମଧାତୁର କ୍ରିୟା ଗୋଡ଼ା (ଡ଼େ)ଇବା; ନଖରୁ ନଖା(ଖେ)ଇବା;ପେଟରୁ ପେଟା(ଟେ)ଇବା; ଚିକଣରୁ ଚିକଣା(ଣେ)ଇବା ଇତ୍ୟାଦି

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.'ଅଧ୍ୟାତ୍ମ'  ଶବ୍ଦରେ କେଉଁ ଉପସର୍ଗ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଛି?

ଅ 

ଅଭି 

ଅଧି 

ଆ 

3) ଅଧି ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର 

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା :

• ଏକ ବା ଏକାଧିକ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମିଶି କୌଣସି ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିଲେ ତାକୁ ଶବ୍ଦ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ଗୁଡିକର ରୂପରେ କାଳ,ବଚନ,କାରକ,ବିଭକ୍ତି,ଲିଙ୍ଗ ଭେଦ ଅନୁସାରେ କୌଣସି ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରେ ପରିବର୍ତନ ହୁଏନାହିଁ ,ସେହି ଅପରିବର୍ତୀତ ପଦକୁ ଅବ୍ୟୟ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ଯେଉଁ ଅବ୍ୟୟ ପଦ ଗୁଡିକ ଧାତୁ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଲାଗି ନୂତନ ଶବ୍ଦ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥାଏ ତାହାକୁ ଉପସର୍ଗ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ଉପସର୍ଗ (ଉପ + ସୃଜ୍‍ + ଅ) ଶବ୍ଦଟି ସୃଜ୍ ଧାତୁରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟ
• ସୃଜ୍ ଧାତୁର ଅର୍ଥ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବା, ତେଣୁ ଉପସର୍ଗ ନୂତନ ଶବ୍ଦ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବା
• ଅଧ୍ୟାତ୍ମ=(ଅଧି=ଅଧିକାର କରି+ଆତ୍ମନ୍; ଯାହା ଆତ୍ମାକୁ ଅଧିକାର କରି ରହେ)
• ଯାହାର ଅର୍ଥ ପରମାତ୍ମା; ପରଂବ୍ରହ୍ମ,କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତକ ଆତ୍ମା,ଆତ୍ମାସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ
• ତେଣୁ .'ଅଧ୍ୟାତ୍ମ'  ଶବ୍ଦରେ 3) ଅଧି ଉପସର୍ଗ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଛି

Additional Information

• ଧାତୁ ସହ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଯୋଗ ହୋଇ ନୂତନ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ
• ଏହି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଦୁଇ ପ୍ରକାରର - ପୂର୍ବ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଓ ପର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ
• ପୂର୍ବ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ - ଉପସର୍ଗ ଓ ପର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ - ପରସର୍ଗ
• ଉପସର୍ଗମାନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ 20ଟି ଯଥା —ପ୍ର, ପରା, ଅପ, ସମ୍, ନି, ଅବ୍, ଅନୁ, ନିର୍, ଦୁର୍, ବି, ଅଧି, ସୁ, ଉତ୍, ପରି, ପ୍ରତି, ଅଭି, ଅତି, ଅପି, ଉପି, ଆ଼

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ଏଥର ପୁରୀ ଯାଇଥିଲେ ​ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ଦର୍ଶନ ସୁବିଧାରେ ମିଳିଥାନ୍ତା । ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ପଦଟି କି ପ୍ରକାର କ୍ରିୟା?

ନାମଧାତୁ 

ଅସମାପିକା 

ପ୍ରେରଣାର୍ଥକ 

ସମାପିକା 

2) ଅସମାପିକା ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର 

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା :

• ଯେଉ ପଦ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କ୍ରିୟା କୁ ବୁଝାଏ ତାହାକୁ କ୍ରିୟା କୁହାଯାଏ
• ଯେଉ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ଓ ବିଶେଷଣ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ଆଧାର କରି ହୋଇଥାଏ ତାହାକୁ ନାମଧାତୁ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ଯେଉଁ କ୍ରିୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ବାକ୍ଯର ସମାପ୍ତି ସୂଚିତ ହୁଏ ତାକୁ କ'ଣ କହନ୍ତି ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା କହନ୍ତି
• ଯେଉଁ କ୍ରିୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ବାକ୍ଯର ସମାପ୍ତି ସୂଚିତ ହୁଏ  ନାହିଁ ତାହାକୁ ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା କୁହାଯାଏ
• ଏଥର ପୁରୀ ଯାଇଥିଲେ ​ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ଦର୍ଶନ ସୁବିଧାରେ ମିଳିଥାନ୍ତା - ଏଠାରେ ଯାଇଥିଲେ ଓ ମିଳିଥାନ୍ତା କ୍ରିୟାପଦ
• ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ପଦଟି 2) ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା

Additional Information

• କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ୨ ପ୍ରକାର  - ସାଧ୍ୟ କ୍ରିୟା ଓ ଅସାଧ୍ୟ କ୍ରିୟା
• କ୍ରିୟାର ବ୍ୟବହାରିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ପ୍ରକାରଭେଦ  -  ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା , ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା , ସକର୍ମକ  କ୍ରିୟା ,ଦ୍ଵିକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟା , ମିଶ୍ର କ୍ରିୟା ,ଅମିଶ୍ର କ୍ରିୟା , ଯୌଗିକ କ୍ରିୟା

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କେଉଁଟି ପୁଂଲିଙ୍ଗବାଚକ ଶବ୍ଦ ନୁହେଁ?

ଦ୍ଵିଜା 

କୁଜା 

ସଖା 

ଲଣ୍ଡା 

ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି- ଦ୍ବିଜା

Key Points

• ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ପୁରୁଷ ଜାତୀୟ ପ୍ରାଣୀକୁ ବୁଝାଏ ତାହାକୁ ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗ ଓ ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ମହିଳା ଜାତୀୟ ପ୍ରାଣୀକୁ ବୁଝାଏ ତାହାକୁ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗ- ସାଧକ, ଶିକ୍ଷକ, ନାୟକ, ନିଶାଚର, ପାଠୁଆ, ସାଧୁ, ବୁଦ୍ଧିମାନ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
• ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗ- ସାଧିକା, ଶିକ୍ଷୟିତ୍ରୀ, ନାୟିକା, ନିଶାଚରୀ, ସାଧ୍ବୀ, ବୁଦ୍ଧିମତୀ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ପଦଗୁଡିକରେ ଦ୍ବିଜା ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗବାଚକ ଶବ୍ଦ ନୁହେଁ ।
• ଦ୍ବିଜା ଏକ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗବାଚକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଅଟେ ।
• ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତ ବିକଳ୍ପଗୁଡିକ ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗବାଚକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ।

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Anil is taller than Sunny who is shorter than Baby. Anil is taller than Bose who is shorter than Sunny. Baby is shorter than Anil. Who is the shortest ?

Bose

Baby

Anil

Sunny

From the statements:

⇒ Baby is shorter than Anil.

Anil > Baby

⇒ Anil is taller than Sunny who is shorter than Baby.

Anil > Baby > Sunny

⇒ Anil is taller than Bose who is shorter than Sunny.

Thus, the final arrangement is as follows:

Anil > Baby > Sunny > Bose

We can see that Bose is the shortest.

Hence, Bose is correct.

Who is used for the second person in a connecting statement:

For example:

Anil is taller than Sunny, who is shorter than Baby → It means Anil is taller than Sunny and Sunny is shorter than Baby.

22 / 25

If + means ×, × means -, ÷ means +, &  -  means ÷, then,

146 -  2 + 3 × 123 × 5 + 2 = ?

132

128

116

86

For this question, We have to check the given equation as-

146 –  2 + 3 × 123 × 5 + 2

Symbol	Means
+	×
×	–
÷	+
–	÷

New equation after replacing symbols-

146 ÷ 2 × 3 – 123 - 5 × 2

According to the BODMAS rule-

⇒ 73 × 3 –  123 – 5 × 2

⇒ 219 –  123 –  10

⇒ 86

Hence, Option (4) is correct.

23 / 25

Which alphabet is 8^th to the right of the 12^th letter from the left in a reverse alphabet series? 

U

R

T

G

Reverse alphabet series,

Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H G F E D C B A

12th letter from the left → O

8th to the right of the "O" → G

Hence, the correct answer is "G".

24 / 25

Select the option that will correctly replace the question mark (?) in the series.

15, 19, 35, 71, ?

125

141

145

135

15 + (2)² = 19

19 + (4)² = 35

35 + (6)² = 71

71 + (8)² = 135

So, the correct option will be option 4.

25 / 25

Six friends S, T, U, V, W and X are sitting on a straight bench facing towards the North. W and T are sitting at the fourth position from the left end and the right end, respectively. U and X are not the immediate neighbours of T and W. S is sitting at the fifth position from the right end. Who is sitting at the second position from the right end?

X

U

T

V

Six Persons: S, T, U, V, W and X

Facing: North

1) W and T are sitting at the fourth position from the left end and the right end, respectively.

2) U and X are not the immediate neighbours of T and W.

3) S is sitting at the fifth position from the right end.

So, final sitting arrangement:

Hence, “V” is sitting at the second position from the right end.

Your score is

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