DECE2 DAY 8 QUIZ-ORSP

IGNOU DAY 8 DECE 2

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DECE2 DAY 8 QUIZ

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9.Recently Bhanu Athaiya passed away. She was IndiaтАЩs first _________.

3 / 10

10.Recently, Jnanpith recipient Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri passed away. He was associated with which of the following language?

4 / 10

There are no carbohydrate-digesting enzymes
in the stomach.

5 / 10

Carbohydrate like Fiber is termed as which type of┬а Carbohydrate

6 / 10

Enzymes present in the small intestine act on
sugars and partially digested starch and ultimately break them up┬аinto the simple
basic units i.e.┬аglucose, fructose and galactose.

7 / 10

Carbohydrates are widely distributed in┬аplant foods. They are mainly present
in these foods in the form of three types of compounds called sugars, starches and........

8 / 10

Here amino acids are used in three ways:
a)some of them are used for building of blood proteins;
b) some are retained in the liver and
c) the rest enter the blood circulation as amino acids.

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Carbohydrates like sugars and starches┬а are which type of┬а Carbohydrates

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  1. […] Q2. Distinguish between available and non-available carbohydrates.(5 MARK) Q3. Describe the processes of digestion, absorption and utilization of carbohydrates in the body. Ans. Carbohydrates are widely distributed in plant foods. They are mainly present in these foods in the form of three types of compounds called sugars, starches and fiber. All these types of carbohydrates i.e. sugars, starches and fiber can also be classified as available and non-available carbohydrates. Carbohydrates like sugars and starches are digestible in the human digestive tract and hence can be made available to the body for its functioning. These carbohydrates are termed as available carbohydrates. Fiber refers to a number of indigestible carbohydrates like cellulose present in plant foods. cannot be digested in the human digestive tract and ate non-available carbohydrates. Digestion, absorption and utilization: Digestion of carbohydrates involves breakdown of starch and sugars like common table sugar in the diet to their simplest unit namely, glucose. Dietary fiber present in whole grains, vegetables and fruits cannot be digested by human beings because the stomach and intestines do not have the necessary enzymes to do this job. The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth itself. Saliva contains an enzyme which is capable of breaking cooked starch into smaller units. However, the time available for this enzyme to breakdown the starch in the mouth is too short to allow for any significant amount of conversion to take place. The longer one chews the food, the more the digestion of starch. There are no carbohydrate-digesting enzymes in the stomach. Thus the principal site of carbohydrate digestion is the small intestine. The major carbohydrate digesting enzyme present here is secreted by the pancreas. This enzyme is capable of acting on both raw and cooked starch and converts it into smaller units. The next phase of carbohydrate digestion takes place within the cells of the small intestine. Enzymes present in the small intestine act on sugars and partially digested starch and ultimately break them up into the simple basic units i.e. glucose, fructose and galactose. These simple sugar units are taken to various body tissues and cells through the bloodstream and are ultimately converted to glucose. Some amount of glucose remains in the blood as blood sugar and is drawn upon by the cells whenever needed. In the body cells glucose is mainly burnt to release energy. The extra glucose (which is not burnt to release energy) is converted to a substance called glycogen which is subsequently stored in the liver and muscles. Glycogen can be broken down to release glucose whenever needed. But only a limited amount of glucose can be stored in the body as glycogen. Once the limit of glycogen storage is exceeded, the remaining excess glucose is converted into fat and is stored in the body. Q4. List the food sources of proteins and fats. Ans. Food Source of Proteins: Food Sources: Here is the list of some of the rich sources of proteins. The list is vast and includes: milk, milk products (like curd, khoa, paneer), flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry), eggs, nuts and oilseeds (groundnuts, almond, cashew nut, walnut) and pulses (bengal gram, lentils, green gram, rajma, soybean). Among pulses, soybean is particularly rich in protein. If you look at the current prices of foods of animal origin like meat, fish, poultry, you will find that most of these are very costly. The only animal foods which are relatively less expensive (though expensive as compared to plant foods) are milk and eggs. As the protein in foods of animal origin are of good quality, one should try to include small amounts of these foods in the daily diet. Milk is the only animal food used by both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. It contains protein of very good quality. Hence, even a small amount of milk added to a basic Indian diet of dal-roti greatly enhances the protein quality of the whole diet. One should therefore try to include at least a small amount of milk in the daily diet. Non-vegetarians, who cannot afford meat fish and chicken can eat eggs which are cheaper and as nutritious as meat, fish or chicken. Let us now take a look at the foods of plant origin. Pulses, nuts and oilseeds are rich sources of proteins. But these foods are also very expensive. Pulses are the major source of protein in Indian diets. One can try to improve the quality of cereal proteins by combining them with pulses. As mentioned earlier, a small amount of milk, if it can be afforded, will further improve the quality of food protein. Food Source of Fats: Food Sources: Food sources of fats and oils include common fats and oils like ghee, vanaspati, mustard oil, groundnut oil, soya oil, coconut oil. They are almost 100 per cent fat. The presence of fat is also evident in other foodstuffs like milk and milk products (curd. paneer) nuts and oilseeds (almond, groundnut, coconut, mustard seeds), eggs and flesh foods. These are known as fat-rich foods. They have 8 to 50 per cent fat in them. You may be surprised to know that fat is present in very small quantities in almost dl foodstuffs. Even foods like cereals, pulses, fruits have fats in them in minute quantities. These foods contribute a substantial amount of fat to Indian diets by virtue of being consumed In large quantities. Q5. Describe the processes of digestion, absorption and utilization of proteins and fats in the body. Ans. Digestion, absorption and utilization: Dietary proteins chiefly consist of proteins made up of small and large chains of amino acids. Digestion of proteins involves the breakdown of these amino acid chains to their constituent amino acids. Since saliva does not contain any enzyme (which can bring about breakdown of proteins), protein digestion mainly occurs in the stomach and the small intestine. Pepsin, a photolytic enzyme, present in gastric juice breaks down proteins into smaller amino acid chains. But pepsin itself cannot complete the digestion of proteins. Partly broken down proteins from the stomach are released into the small intestine where further digestion takes place in two steps: i) Breakdown of partly digested proteins to smaller amino acid chains: There are several enzymes in the small intestine which act on partly digested proteins and convert them to even smaller amino acid chains; ii) breakdown of amino acid chains to amino acids. Finally other kinds of enzymes act on amino acid chains and convert them to their constituent amino acids. The metabolism of proteins is essentially the metabolism of amino acids as these are the end products of the process of digestion of proteins. After digestion, amino acids are carried by the blood to the liver. Here amino acids are used in three ways: a)some of them are used for building of blood proteins; b) some are retained in the liver and c) the rest enter the blood circulation as amino acids. Some of the amino acids remain in circulation and others are taken up by body tissues for protein synthesis whenever needed. It must be emphasized here that only proteins of good quality are maximally utilized by the body for synthesis of its own proteins. Digestion,Absorption and utilization: In the process of digestion fats are broken down to fatty acids. One of the two enzymes which aids in the digestion of fats is present in gastric juice and the other is poured into the small intestine from the pancreas. For enzyme action, fats need to be dispersed or mixed in water. You know fats are insoluble in water. A secretion from the liver called bile helps in fat digestion by breaking fat into small droplets. These fat droplets are then dispersed in the liquid digestive juice and are easily acted upon by enzymes. Since bile is not present in the stomach, the action of gastric lipase is not very significant. This is the reason why fats are chiefly digested in the small intestine where the pancreatic enzyme breaks them into glycerol and fatty acids aided by the action of bile. The end products of digestion i.e. glycerol and fatty acids present in the intestine move into the intestinal cells. The fatty acids cannot enter intestinal cells as such. Bile salts play an important role in fat absorption by dispersing the fatty acids into small tiny water-soluble units which can easily move into the intestinal cells. Fatty acids and glycerol then get transported from the intestinal cells to blood circulation. They do not travel directly into the bloodstream but first enter the network of vessels (present in the villi of the small intestine) called lymph vessels. Then fatty acids from the lymph vessels enter the heart and from there move into the blood. Blood then carries them either to the adipose tissues where they are stored as concentrated sources of energy or to cells where they are broken down to provide energy (in a similar fashion as glucose and amino acids). Q6. Differentiate between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins Ans. Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamins A, D, E and K are known as the fat-soluble vitamins. These vitamins are, therefore, present in food dissolved in the fat they contain. An interesting fact about fat soluble vitamins is that after being used for specific functions, the excess amount of these vitamins is stored in the body, fat- soluble vitamins would remain dissolved in the fats and would be absorbed only after the fats are digested. Water-Soluble Vitamins: Let us now move on to the water soluble ones. Vitamin C and vitamins of the B-complex group are known as water soluble vitamins owing to their solubility in water. Unlike the fat-soluble vitamins, these vitamins cannot be stored in our body in considerable amounts. The excess amount of these vitamins is instead excreted from the body in the urine. QUIZ TIME START QUIZ […]

  2. […] рдЗрди рд╕рднреА рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмреЛрд╣рд╛рдЗрдбреНрд░реЗрдЯ рдпрд╛рдиреА рд╢рд░реНрдХрд░рд╛, рд╕реНрдЯрд╛рд░реНрдЪ рдФрд░ рдлрд╛рдЗрдмрд░ рдХреЛ рднреА рд╡рд░реНрдЧреАрдХреГрдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдФрд░ рдЧреИрд░-рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмреЛрд╣рд╛рдЗрдбреНрд░реЗрдЯ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВред рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмреЛрд╣рд╛рдЗрдбреНрд░реЗрдЯ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рд╢рдХреНрдХрд░ рдФрд░ рд╕реНрдЯрд╛рд░реНрдЪ рдорд╛рдирд╡ рдкрд╛рдЪрди рддрдВрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реБрдкрд╛рдЪреНрдп рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдХрд░рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдХрд╛рдордХрд╛рдЬ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдХреЛред рдЗрди рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмреЛрд╣рд╛рдЗрдбреНрд░реЗрдЯ рдХреЛ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдХрд░рд╛рд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмреЛрд╣рд╛рдЗрдбреНрд░реЗрдЯред рдлрд╛рдЗрдмрд░ рд╕реЗрд▓реНрдпреВрд▓реЛрдЬ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдХрдИ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ 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рдордиреБрд╖реНрдпреЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдкрдЪрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЗрд╕ рдХрд╛рдо рдХреЛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдоред рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмреЛрд╣рд╛рдЗрдбреНрд░реЗрдЯ рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдореБрдВрд╣ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реА рд╢реБрд░реВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рд▓рд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рдПрдХ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдЗрдХрд╛рдЗрдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдкрдХрд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ рд╕реНрдЯрд╛рд░реНрдЪ рддреЛрдбрд╝рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдХреНрд╖рдо рд╣реИред рд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛рдБрдХрд┐, рд╕рдордп рдЗрд╕ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдореБрдВрд╣ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реНрдЯрд╛рд░реНрдЪ рдХреЛ рддреЛрдбрд╝рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдиреБрдорддрд┐ рджреЗрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдмрд╣реБрдд рдХрдо рд╣реИ рд░реВрдкрд╛рдВрддрд░рдг рдХреЗ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рднреА рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд░рд╛рд╢рд┐ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрдЧрд╣ рд▓реЗрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдПред рд▓рдВрдмреЗ рд╕рдордп рддрдХ рдЪрдмрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рднреЛрдЬрди, рд╕реНрдЯрд╛рд░реНрдЪ рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдЬрд┐рддрдирд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмреЛрд╣рд╛рдЗрдбреНрд░реЗрдЯ-рдкрдЪрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдкреЗрдЯ рдореЗрдВред рдЗрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмреЛрд╣рд╛рдЗрдбреНрд░реЗрдЯ рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдЫреЛрдЯрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЖрдВрддред рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдореМрдЬреВрдж рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмреЛрд╣рд╛рдЗрдбреНрд░реЗрдЯ рдбрд╛рдЗрдЬреЗрд╕реНрдЯ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рдХрд╛ рд╕реНрд░рд╛рд╡ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЕрдЧреНрдиреНрдпрд╛рд╢рдпред рдпрд╣ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рдФрд░ рдкрдХреЗ рд╕реНрдЯрд╛рд░реНрдЪ рдФрд░ рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдЕрднрд┐рдирдп рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдХреНрд╖рдо рд╣реИ рдЗрд╕реЗ рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдЗрдХрд╛рдЗрдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрд┐рдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдХрд╛рд░реНрдмреЛрд╣рд╛рдЗрдбреНрд░реЗрдЯ рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдХрд╛ рдЕрдЧрд▓рд╛ рдЪрд░рдг рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдЖрдВрдд рдХреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рднреАрддрд░ред рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдЖрдВрдд рдореЗрдВ рдореМрдЬреВрдж рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рд╢рд░реНрдХрд░рд╛ рдФрд░ рдЖрдВрд╢рд┐рдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдкрдЪрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд╕реНрдЯрд╛рд░реНрдЪ рдФрд░ рдЕрдВрддрддрдГ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рд╕рд░рд▓ рдореЗрдВ рддреЛрдбрд╝ рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдмреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛рджреА рдЗрдХрд╛рдЗрдпрд╛рдБ рдпрд╛рдирд┐ рдЧреНрд▓реВрдХреЛрдЬрд╝, рдлреНрд░рдХреНрдЯреЛрдЬрд╝ рдФрд░ рдЧреИрд▓реЗрдХреНрдЯреЛрдЬрд╝ред рдЗрди рд╕рд░рд▓ рдЪреАрдиреА рдЗрдХрд╛рдЗрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рдКрддрдХреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд░рдХреНрддрдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдФрд░ рдЕрдВрддрддрдГ рдЧреНрд▓реВрдХреЛрдЬ рдореЗрдВ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЧреНрд▓реВрдХреЛрдЬ рдХреА рдХреБрдЫ рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рд░рдХреНрдд рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд░реНрдХрд░рд╛ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЬрдм рднреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЦреАрдВрдЪрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬрд░реВрд░рдд рд╣реИред рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдХреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЧреНрд▓реВрдХреЛрдЬ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдКрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрд▓рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЕрддрд┐рд░рд┐рдХреНрдд рдЧреНрд▓реВрдХреЛрдЬ (рдЬреЛ рдКрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдЬрд╛рд░реА рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрд▓рд╛рдпрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ) рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрде рдореЗрдВ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЧреНрд▓рд╛рдЗрдХреЛрдЬрди рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдмрд╛рдж рдореЗрдВ рдпрдХреГрдд рдФрд░ рдорд╛рдВрд╕рдкреЗрд╢рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрдорд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЧреНрд▓рд╛рдЗрдХреЛрдЬрди рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЬрдм рднреА рдЬрд░реВрд░рдд рд╣реЛ рдЧреНрд▓реВрдХреЛрдЬ рд░рд┐рд▓реАрдЬ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЯреВрдЯ рдЬрд╛рдПред рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рд╕реАрдорд┐рдд рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдЧреНрд▓реВрдХреЛрдЬ рдХреЛ рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЧреНрд▓рд╛рдЗрдХреЛрдЬрди рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдВрдЧреНрд░рд╣рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдПрдХ рдмрд╛рд░ рдЧреНрд▓рд╛рдЗрдХреЛрдЬрди рднрдВрдбрд╛рд░рдг рдХреА рд╕реАрдорд╛ рд╣реИ рдЗрд╕рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдкрд░, рд╢реЗрд╖ рдЕрддрд┐рд░рд┐рдХреНрдд рдЧреНрд▓реВрдХреЛрдЬ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рдЬрдорд╛ рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддрдиред Q4ред рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдФрд░ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рд╕реНрд░реЛрддреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕реВрдЪреА рдмрдирд╛рдПрдВред рдЙрддреНрддрд░:ред рднреЛрдЬрди рдХреЗ рд╕реНрд░реЛрдд рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди: рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рд╕реНрд░реЛрдд: рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдХреБрдЫ рдЕрдореАрд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕реВрдЪреА рджреА рдЧрдИ рд╣реИ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреЗ рд╕реНрд░реЛрддред рд╕реВрдЪреА рд╡рд┐рд╢рд╛рд▓ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реИрдВ: рджреВрдз, рджреВрдз рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рдж (рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рджрд╣реА, рдЦреЛрдЖ, рдкрдиреАрд░), рдорд╛рдВрд╕ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрде (рдорд╛рдВрд╕, рдордЫрд▓реА, рдореБрд░реНрдЧреА), рдЕрдВрдбреЗ, рдирдЯ рдФрд░ рддрд┐рд▓рд╣рди (рдореВрдВрдЧрдлрд▓реА,) рдмрд╛рджрд╛рдо, рдХрд╛рдЬреВ, рдЕрдЦрд░реЛрдЯ) рдФрд░ рджрд╛рд▓реЗрдВ (рдЪрдиреЗ рдХреА рджрд╛рд▓, рджрд╛рд▓, рд╣рд░рд╛ рдЪрдирд╛, рд░рд╛рдЬрдорд╛, рд╕реЛрдпрд╛рдмреАрди)ред рджрд╛рд▓реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ, рд╕реЛрдпрд╛рдмреАрди рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рд╕реЗ рднрд░рдкреВрд░ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрджрд┐ рдЖрдк рдорд╛рдВрд╕, рдордЫрд▓реА, рдореБрд░реНрдЧреА рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдЬрд╛рдирд╡рд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рдЙрддреНрдкрддреНрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдереЛрдВ рдХреА рдореМрдЬреВрджрд╛ рдХреАрдорддреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рджреЗрдЦрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рддреЛ рдЖрдк рдкрд╛рдПрдВрдЧреЗ рдХрд┐ рдЗрдирдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рдВрд╢ рдмрд╣реБрдд рдорд╣рдВрдЧреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рдкрд╢реБ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрде рдЬреЛ рд╣реИрдВ рдЕрдкреЗрдХреНрд╖рд╛рдХреГрдд рдХрдо рдЦрд░реНрдЪреАрд▓рд╛ (рд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛рдВрдХрд┐ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдереЛрдВ рдХреА рддреБрд▓рдирд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдорд╣рдВрдЧрд╛) рджреВрдз рдФрд░ рд╣реИрдВ рдЕрдВрдбреЗред рдЪреВрдВрдХрд┐ рдкрд╢реБ рдореВрд▓ рдХреЗ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдереЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреЛ рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рд╢ рдХрд░рдиреА рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЗрди рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдереЛрдВ рдХреА рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рдХрд░реЗрдВред рджреВрдз рдПрдХрдорд╛рддреНрд░ рдкрд╢реБ рднреЛрдЬрди рд╣реИ рд╢рд╛рдХрд╛рд╣рд╛рд░реА рдФрд░ рдорд╛рдВрд╕рд╛рд╣рд╛рд░реА рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рдмрд╣реБрдд рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ред рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП, рджрд╛рд▓-рд░реЛрдЯреА рдХреЗ рдореВрд▓ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рднреА рдХрдо рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рджреВрдз рдорд┐рд▓рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдкреВрд░реЗ рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреА рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ рдХреЛ рдмрдврд╝рд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рд╢ рдХрд░рдиреА рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рдХрдо рд╕реЗ рдХрдо рджреВрдз рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рдХрд░реЗрдВред рдорд╛рдВрд╕рд╛рд╣рд╛рд░реА, рдЬреЛ рдорд╛рдВрд╕ рдордЫрд▓реА рдХреЛ рдмрд░реНрджрд╛рд╢реНрдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЪрд┐рдХрди рдЕрдВрдбреЗ рдЦрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рд╕рд╕реНрддрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рд╣реИ рдорд╛рдВрд╕, рдордЫрд▓реА рдпрд╛ рдЪрд┐рдХрди рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдкреМрд╖реНрдЯрд┐рдХред рдЖрдЗрдП рдЕрдм рд╣рдо рдкреМрдзреЗ рдХреА рдЙрддреНрдкрддреНрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдереЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдПрдХ рдирдЬрд╝рд░ рдбрд╛рд▓реЗрдВред рджрд▓рд╣рди, рдореЗрд╡реЗ рдФрд░ рддрд┐рд▓рд╣рди рд╕рдореГрджреНрдз рд╣реИрдВ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреЗ рд╕реНрд░реЛрддред рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдпреЗ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрде рдмрд╣реБрдд рдорд╣рдВрдЧреЗ рднреА рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рджрд╛рд▓реЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦ рд╣реИрдВ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХрд╛ рд╕реНрд░реЛрддред рдХреЛрдИ рдЕрдирд╛рдЬ рдХреА рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рд╢ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреЛ рджрд╛рд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдорд┐рд▓рд╛рдХрд░ред рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рдХрд┐ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдЙрд▓реНрд▓реЗрдЦ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдХреА рдПрдХ рдЫреЛрдЯреА рд░рд╛рд╢рд┐ рджреВрдз, рдЕрдЧрд░ рдпрд╣ рдмрд░реНрджрд╛рд╢реНрдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреА рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдФрд░ рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ред рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рд╕реНрд░реЛрдд: рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рд╕реНрд░реЛрдд: рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдФрд░ рддреЗрд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рд╕реНрд░реЛрддреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЖрдо рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реИрдВ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдФрд░ рддреЗрд▓ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдШреА, рд╡рдирд╕реНрдкрддреА, рд╕рд░рд╕реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рддреЗрд▓, рдореВрдВрдЧрдлрд▓реА рдХрд╛ рддреЗрд▓, рд╕реЛрдпрд╛ рддреЗрд▓, рдирд╛рд░рд┐рдпрд▓ рддреЗрд▓ред рд╡реЗ рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 100 рдлреАрд╕рджреА рдореЛрдЯреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рджреВрдз рдФрд░ рджреВрдз рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджреЛрдВ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдереЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдХреА рдЙрдкрд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рднреА рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯ рд╣реИ (рджрд╣реА рдкрдиреАрд░) рдирдЯ рдФрд░ рддрд┐рд▓рд╣рди (рдмрд╛рджрд╛рдо, рдореВрдВрдЧрдлрд▓реА, рдирд╛рд░рд┐рдпрд▓, рд╕рд░рд╕реЛрдВ) рдмреАрдЬ), рдЕрдВрдбреЗ рдФрд░ рдорд╛рдВрд╕ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдеред рдЗрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдпреБрдХреНрдд рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдереЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдкрд╛рд╕ 8 рд╕реЗ 50 рд╣реИрдВ рдЙрдирдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╢рдд рд╡рд╕рд╛ред рдЖрдкрдХреЛ рдпрд╣ рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд░ рдЖрд╢реНрдЪрд░реНрдп рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ рдмрд╣реБрдд рдХрдо рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдореМрдЬреВрдж рд╣реИ dl рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдереЛрдВред рдпрд╣рд╛рдВ рддрдХ тАЛтАЛрдХрд┐ рдЕрдирд╛рдЬ, рджрд╛рд▓, рдлрд▓ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдереЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рднреА рдорд┐рдирдЯреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ред рдпреЗ рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдХреА рдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рдкреНрдд рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рдХрд╛ рдпреЛрдЧрджрд╛рди рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдмрдбрд╝реА рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗрд╡рди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред рдХреНрдпреВ 5ред рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рдЪрди, рдЕрд╡рд╢реЛрд╖рдг рдФрд░ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рдкреНрд░рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдУрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд░реНрдгрди рдХрд░реЗрдВ рдФрд░ рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╕рд╛ред рдЙрддреНрддрд░:ред рдкрд╛рдЪрди, рдЕрд╡рд╢реЛрд╖рдг рдФрд░ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ: рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдореБрдЦреНрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдорд┐рд▓рдХрд░ рдмрдирддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдХреА рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдФрд░ рдмрдбрд╝реА рд╢реНрд░реГрдВрдЦрд▓рд╛рдУрдВ рд╕реЗ рдмрдирд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдЗрди рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рд╢реНрд░реГрдВрдЦрд▓рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЯреВрдЯрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдШрдЯрдХ рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реИрдВред рдЪреВрдВрдХрд┐ рд▓рд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рдХреЛрдИ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ (рдЬреЛ рдЯреВрдЯрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди), рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдореБрдЦреНрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдкреЗрдЯ рдФрд░ рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдЖрдВрдд рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЧреИрд╕реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдХ рдЬреВрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдореМрдЬреВрдж рдкреЗрдкреНрд╕рд┐рди рдирд╛рдордХ рдПрдХ рдлреЛрдЯреЛрд▓рд┐рдЯрд┐рдХ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреЛ рддреЛрдбрд╝ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдЪреЗрдиред рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдкреЗрдкреНрд╕рд┐рди рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдХреЛ рдкреВрд░рд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрдиред рдкреЗрдЯ рд╕реЗ рдЖрдВрд╢рд┐рдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдЯреВрдЯреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреЛ рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЖрдВрдд рдЬрд╣рд╛рдВ рдЖрдЧреЗ рдкрд╛рдЪрди рджреЛ рдЪрд░рдгреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ: i) рдЖрдВрд╢рд┐рдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдЯреВрдЯрдирд╛ рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рд╢реНрд░реГрдВрдЦрд▓рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдкрдЪрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди: рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рдХрдИ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдЖрдВрдд рдЬреЛ рдЖрдВрд╢рд┐рдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдкрдЪрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдкрд░ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдпрд╣рд╛рдВ рддрдХ тАЛтАЛрдХрд┐ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрд┐рдд рдХрд░ рджреЗрддреА рд╣реИ рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдЪреЗрди; ii) рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рд╕реЗ рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдЪреЗрди рдХрд╛ рдЯреВрдЯрдирд╛ред рдЕрдВрдд рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдЪреЗрди рдкрд░ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрд┐рдд рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдШрдЯрдХ рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдбред рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХрд╛ рдЪрдпрд╛рдкрдЪрдп рдЕрдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд░реНрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдХрд╛ рдЪрдпрд╛рдкрдЪрдп рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдпреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдХреА рдкреНрд░рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрддрд┐рдо рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджред рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж, рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рд░рдХреНрдд рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдпрдХреГрдд рдореЗрдВ рд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рддреАрди рддрд░реАрдХреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ: рдХ) рдЙрдирдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдХреБрдЫ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рд░рдХреНрдд рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреЗ рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдг рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ; рдЦ) рдХреБрдЫ рдХреЛ рдпрдХреГрдд рдореЗрдВ рдмрдирд╛рдП рд░рдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЧ) рдмрд╛рдХреА рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд░рдХреНрдд рдкрд░рд┐рд╕рдВрдЪрд░рдг рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рд╡реЗрд╢ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдХреЗ рдХреБрдЫ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдкреНрд░рдЪрд▓рди рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдХреЗ рдКрддрдХреЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬрдм рднреА рдЬрд░реВрд░рдд рд╣реЛ рд╕рдВрд╢реНрд▓реЗрд╖рдгред рдпрд╣рд╛рдВ рдЗрд╕ рдмрд╛рдд рдкрд░ рдЬреЛрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рдХрд┐ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреЗ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рд╢рд░реАрд░ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрд╢реНрд▓реЗрд╖рдг рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрддрдо рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдкрд╛рдЪрди, рдЕрд╡рд╢реЛрд╖рдг рдФрд░ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ: рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдХреА рдкреНрд░рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдЯреВрдЯ рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ рдлреИрдЯреА рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдиреАрдЪреЗред рджреЛ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдореЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рдЬреЛ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдореЗрдВ рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЧреИрд╕реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдХ рдЬреВрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдореМрдЬреВрдж рдФрд░ рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рдХреЛ рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдЖрдВрдд рдореЗрдВ рдбрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЕрдЧреНрдиреНрдпрд╛рд╢рдпред рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдХреЛ рдкрд╛рдиреА рдореЗрдВ рдлреИрд▓рд╛рдиреЗ рдпрд╛ рдорд┐рд╢реНрд░рд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред рддреБрдореНрд╣реЗ рдкрддрд╛ рд╣реИрдВ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдкрд╛рдиреА рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдкрд┐рддреНрдд рдирд╛рдордХ рдЬрд┐рдЧрд░ рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрд░рд╛рд╡ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдХреЛ рдкрдЪрд╛рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдмреВрдВрджреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдХреЛ рддреЛрдбрд╝рдХрд░ред рдЗрди рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдХреА рдмреВрдВрджреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рддрдм рдЫрд┐рддрд░рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддрд░рд▓ рдкрд╛рдЪрди рд░рд╕ рдФрд░ рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдореЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЖрд╕рд╛рдиреА рд╕реЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЪреВрдВрдХрд┐ рдкрд┐рддреНрдд рдореМрдЬреВрдж рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ рдкреЗрдЯ рдореЗрдВ, рдЧреИрд╕реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдХ рд▓рд╛рдЗрдкреЗрд╕ рдХреА рдХрд╛рд░реНрд░рд╡рд╛рдИ рдмрд╣реБрдд рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣реА рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╣реИ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдЖрдВрдд рдореЗрдВ рдкрдЪрддреА рд╣реИ рдЬрд╣рд╛рдВ рдЕрдЧреНрдирд╛рд╢рдп рдПрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрдо рдкрд┐рддреНрдд рдХреА рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЧреНрд▓рд┐рд╕рд░реЙрд▓ рдФрд░ рдлреИрдЯреА рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдореЗрдВ рддреЛрдбрд╝ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдкрд╛рдЪрди рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрддрд┐рдо рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рдж рдпрд╛рдиреА рдЧреНрд▓рд┐рд╕рд░реЙрд▓ рдФрд░ рдЖрдВрдд рдореЗрдВ рдореМрдЬреВрдж рдлреИрдЯреА рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдЖрдВрддреЛрдВ рдХреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЪрд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдлреИрдЯреА рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдЖрдВрддреЛрдВ рдХреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рд╡реЗрд╢ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдкрд┐рддреНрдд рдлреИрдЯреА рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдХреЛ рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдлреИрд▓рд╛рдХрд░ рд▓рд╡рдг рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрд╡рд╢реЛрд╖рдг рдореЗрдВ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рднреВрдорд┐рдХрд╛ рдирд┐рднрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ рдкрд╛рдиреА рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рдЗрдХрд╛рдЗрдпрд╛рдВ рдЬреЛ рдЖрд╕рд╛рдиреА рд╕реЗ рдЖрдВрддреЛрдВ рдХреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИрдВред рдлреИрдЯреА рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдФрд░ рдЧреНрд▓рд┐рд╕рд░реЙрд▓ рддрдм рдЖрдВрддреЛрдВ рдХреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ рд╕реЗ рд░рдХреНрдд рдореЗрдВ рд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдкрд░рд┐рд╕рдВрдЪрд░рдгред рд╡реЗ рд╕реАрдзреЗ рд░рдХреНрддрдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдореЗрдВ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдкреНрд░рд╡реЗрд╢ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рд╡рд╛рд╣рд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ рдХрд╛ рдиреЗрдЯрд╡рд░реНрдХ (рдЫреЛрдЯреА рдЖрдВрдд рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд▓реА рдореЗрдВ рдореМрдЬреВрдж) рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ рд▓рд╕реАрдХрд╛ рд╡рд╛рд╣рд┐рдХрд╛ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдлрд┐рд░ рд▓рд┐рдореНрдл рд╡рд╛рд╣рд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ рд╕реЗ рдлреИрдЯреА рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рджрд┐рд▓ рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рд╡реЗрд╢ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рд╡рд╣рд╛рдВ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдВрджрд░ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рд░рдХреНрддред рд░рдХреНрдд рдлрд┐рд░ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдпрд╛ рддреЛ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдКрддрдХреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬрд╣рд╛рдВ рд╡реЗ рдЬрдорд╛ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдКрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдХреЗ рдХреЗрдВрджреНрд░рд┐рдд рд╕реНрд░реЛрддреЛрдВ рдпрд╛ рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдЬрд╣рд╛рдВ рд╡реЗ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЯреВрдЯ рдЧрдП рд╣реИрдВ рдКрд░реНрдЬрд╛ (рдЧреНрд▓реВрдХреЛрдЬ рдФрд░ рдЕрдореАрдиреЛ рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рдХреЗ рд╕рдорд╛рди рдлреИрд╢рди рдореЗрдВ)ред Q6ред рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рдФрд░ рдкрд╛рдиреА рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рдЕрдВрддрд░ рдЙрддреНрддрд░:ред рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди: рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рдП, рдбреА, рдИ рдФрд░ рдХреЗ рдХреЛ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рдиред рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП, рдпреЗ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рднреЛрдЬрди рдореЗрдВ рдореМрдЬреВрдж рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдПрдХ рджрд┐рд▓рдЪрд╕реНрдк рддрдереНрдп рдпрд╣ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЗрд╕рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд╡рд┐рд╢рд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп, рдЗрди рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рдиреЛрдВ рдХреА рдЕрддрд┐рд░рд┐рдХреНрдд рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрдорд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ, рд╡рд╕рд╛- рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓реЗ рд░рд╣реЗрдВрдЧреЗ рдФрд░ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рдЕрд╡рд╢реЛрд╖рд┐рдд рд╣реЛрдВрдЧреЗ рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдкрдЪрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рджред рдкрд╛рдиреА рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди: рдЖрдЗрдП рдЕрдм рд╣рдо рдкрд╛рдиреА рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдереЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдЪрд▓рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рд╕реА рдФрд░ рдмреА-рдХреЙрдореНрдкреНрд▓реЗрдХреНрд╕ рд╕рдореВрд╣ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рдХреЛ рдкрд╛рдиреА рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдкрд╛рдиреА рдореЗрдВ рдЙрдирдХреА рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓рддрд╛ред рд╡рд╕рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрд▓рдирд╢реАрд▓ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рдкрд░реАрдд, рдпреЗ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдХрд╛рдлреА рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдВрдЧреНрд░рд╣реАрддред рдЗрди рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рдиреЛрдВ рдХреА рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдмрдЬрд╛рдп рдореВрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд░реАрд░ рд╕реЗ рдЙрддреНрд╕рд░реНрдЬрд┐рддред QUIZ TIME START QUIZ […]

  3. […] Chloride Food sources: Chloride is widely distributed in all plant foods. But the most important source of chloride in our diet is common table salt ‘ie, sodium chloride. Magnesium Sources: Which are the food sources that are rich in magnesium? Magnesium is widely distributed in plant foods. The most concentrated sources of magnesium include nuts (groundnut, cashewnut, walnut, almond), oilseeds (sesame seeds). pulses (rajmah, moth beans, soybean), whole grains (wheat, bajra, jowar). Among sea foods shellfish is particularly rich in magnesium. Other foods which contain appreciable amounts of magnesium include dark green leafy vegetables, peas, lotus stem, fish (salmon, haddock), sea foods (crab, oyster) and meat. Iron Liver is an excellent source. Other organ meats like kidney, spleen also contain substantial amounts of iron. Among the plant foods the list of iron sources includes green leafy vegetables (like’ amaranth leaves, mustard leaves, colocasia leaves, mint leaves), cereals (like whole wheat flour, rice flakes, bajra, ragi, jowar) and pulses (especially the whole ones). Soybean is an example of a pulse containing good amounts of iron. Jaggery is another food that contains fair amounts of iron. We have mentioned several foods which contain substantial amounts of iron. However, we have a paradoxical situation here. There is so much of iron present in food and yet very little gets into the body. lodineThe amount of iodine in most foods is limited and it varies widely depending on the iodine content of sol1 and water. Crops such as vegetables especially those grown in coastal areas where iodine content of the soil is high have substantial amounts of iodine. In hilly areas, however, the iodine content of both the soil and water is low. Hence the crops grown in such areas contain little iodine. The iodine content of animal foods like eggs, dairy products and meat depends, of course, on the iodine content of the food that is part of the animal’s diet. Sea foods like fish, shell fish are among the best sources of iodine. Q10. Describe the concept of a balanced diet. Ans. A balanced diet can be defined as one which contains different types of foods in such quantities and proportions that the need for calories, minerals, vitamins and other nutrientsis adequately met and a small provision is made for extra nutrients to withstand short durations of leanness. If you look at the definition carefully, you would realize that a balanced diet meets the need for nutrients consists of different types of food items and provides for periods of leanness when the diet may possibly not supply adequate amounts of all nutrients. Let us talk about each of these aspects: A balanced diet meets the nutrient needs: A balanced diet meets nutrient needs because of the amounts and proportions of the foods selected. How much should a person consume of individual foods to meet his needs? This would be based on the recommended dietary intakes (RDIs) laid down for the individual for whom the diet is planned. The RDI figures for each nutrient tell us how much of the nutrient should be consumed per day. These RDIs must be taken into consideration so that each nutrient can be supplied in adequate amounts by the day’s diet. You will study more about RDIs in the subsection┬а 8.3. A balanced diet consists of different types of food items: A balanced diet includes a variety of foods. But how do we select these foods? The major aim, as we mentioned earlier is to ensure that all nutrients are supplied. This can be achieved by first classifying food into groups -each group supplying certain specific nutrients and then selecting items from each food group to plan a balanced meal or diet. Including items from each food group ensures that all the nutrients will be supplied. These aspects will be clearer when you read through subsection 8.4.1 which discusses the use of food groups in planning balanced diets. Balanced diets provide for periods of leanness: We have now examined the first two aspects of the definition of a balanced diet. Balanced diets also provide for periods of leanness. This implies that there is a “safety margin” or a “little extra” for those times when you do not meet your nutrient needs adequately. A normal individual consumes a variety of foods. It is possible that on a given day he may not consume foods in the amounts he requires. But such an individual would not develop a deficiency if the diet meets the RDIs on most days. This is because RDIS already include a margin of safety. Planning diets on the basis of RDis would take care of this aspect and minor variations in intake from day to day would not cause problems, We have so far discussed the major aspects related to balanced diets. As we mentioned earlier balanced diets supply all essential nutrients in amounts enough to meet the nutrient needs. In other words, nutrient supply equals nutrient need. Q11. Explain the concept of recommended dietary intakes classify. Ans. In the previous Section we mentioned that a balanced diet is based on the recommended dietary intakes or RDIs of nutrients laid down for the individual for whom the diet is being planned. Now let us try to understand the concept of RDIs. The Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) is the amount of a nutrient to be actually consumed in order meet the requirements of the body. Recommended dietary intakes are hence based on requirements. Now what do we mean by the term “requirement”? The requirement for a particular nutrient is the minimum amount that needs to be consumed to prevent symptoms of deficiency and to maintain satisfactory levels of the nutrient in the body. In other words, if we take in a nutrient in amounts equal to the requirement, we would prevent deficiency of that nutrient in most healthy people. But to make sure that we do not suffer from disease as well as enjoy a good state of health we need to make sure that we take in extra nutrients over and above the minimum requirement. This is called the safety margin. The safety margin is added on to cover factors like: Variation in requirement from individual to individual, periods of low intake (periods of leanness) nature of diet cooking losses some of these points can be well illustrated with the following example. In experiments conducted with adults it was found that when the intake of vitamin C was 20 malady, vitamin C deficiency or scurvy could be prevented and satisfactory levels of vitamin C could be maintained in the body. Since all the persons studied were able to satisfactorily maintain body vitamin C levels at an intake of 20 mg per day, there was no need to make allowances for individual variation. Now, how is this figure for requirement converted into an intake figure for adults? Vitamin C is easily destroyed on cooking On the average, a figure of 50 per cent cooking losses was considered reasonable. The recommended intake was therefore fixed at double the requirement i.e. 40 mg per day. In addition to the factors already discussed, the nature of the diet has a significant influence on the RDIs fixed for certain specific nutrients. Take protein for example. M.my Indians cannot afford or do not wish to consume animal protein and hence they consume a diet which supplies vegetable protein. Since vegetable protein is utilized to a relatively lower extent more protein needs to be consumed and therefore RDIs increase. Similarly, in the case of iron, the availability of iron to the body depends on the type of food consumed. Absorption of iron from typical Indian diets is low as you learnt in the previous Unit. Therefore more iron needs to be consumed to meet the requirementi.e. the RDI is fixed at a higher level. Q12. Identify the major factors influencing planning of balanced diets. Ans. In the last section we identified the following factors as being of great importance in planning balanced diets: Nutrient needs of the individual Region-specific factors such as characteristic meal patterns, social and religious practices Income Individual preferences Taking care to ensure that the diet supplies essential nutrients in the amounts needed would make the diet nutritionally adequate. This consideration would, of course, apply to individuals from any region or income group. However income and regional factors would play a key role in selection of the specific foods making up the diet. Income in particular would greatly influence the variety of foods included. It would be worthwhile to mention at this point that region specific factors determine both acceptability and availability of foods. You would find a detailed discussion on these factors later in this section. Before we go on to that, let us first talk about meal planning and its relationship to diet planning. As you know, the day’s diet consists of various meals. Once we have planned the total amounts of foods from the three food groups to be included based on RDIS comes the task of deciding on the number and pattern of meals the specific foods to be selected for inclusion in each meal and the dishes which would be prepared using these foods. This exercise can be described as meal planning. Our earlier discussion would have given you an idea of the fact that meal planning is not just an exercise of selecting the right kind of foods to help meet the nutrient needs so that the person finds them affordable and acceptable. It involves preparing/planning attractive and enjoyable meals for all persons. Meals must taste good, smell good. Equally important meals must ‘look good’ to be tasted, to be enjoyed. The art of skillful blending of foods in terms of color, texture and flavor develops and improves with practice. This is our main rationale for planning meals. When we plan a meal we may be talking not just of one person but a group eg a family or a group of preschoolers in a preschool center. The specific aims in planning meals are to fulfill nutritional needs of the group members, taking into account the size and composition of the group plan meals within the family income, or in the case of a preschool center within the budget for the midmorning snack or lunch aid in the proper purchase, preparation and service of food economies on time, labor and fuel provide variety in the diet by making proper selection of foods from within each of the three food groups make meals appealing and palatable by proper selection of food in terms of color, texture and flavor provide nutritious meals taking into account individual preferences Providing a meal that would be enjoyed and accepted by one and all in a family or in any group of individuals is rather difficult. Why? Individual preferences, varied nutrient needs, varied food habits, are a few factors that would influence meal planning for a family. However, as a childcare worker, when you plan a meal for the children in your care, nutrient needs may n& be as varied as food habits and preferences and there may be additional problems of preparing dishes which are compact, easy to make and easy to serve. The crucial aspect to considered then, is how best to plan adequate and satisfying meals, within the socio-cultural, economic, regional and psychological framework of the individuals in the group for whom you are planning a particular meal or snack. Earlier mentioned the need to plan meals so that they are satisfying. This refers to the satiety value of each meal. Satiety value is an important consideration which is linked to portion size. The amounts served and consumed should be filling and the person should not feel hungry too soon. WATCH VIDEO QUIZ TIME START QUIZ […]

  4. […] The process of deposition of minerals in the bones is termed as mineralization of bones. Vitamin D aids the process of mineralization in two ways: (i) by increasing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus and (ii) by helping in the deposition of calcium and phosphorus in bones Vitamin E: The main role of vitamin E in our body is the protection it gives to other substances like certain fatty acids, vitamins A and C. It prevents their destruction in the body as well as in foods. Vitamin K: Have you ever observed what happens when you cut your finger? Your finger, of course, starts bleeding, but after a while blood stops oozing out. Why? This is because a clot is formed on the wound and seals it off. Vitamin K plays an important role in clotting of blood and is therefore also termed as the “antibleeding vitamin” (one which prevents uncontrolled bleeding). How does vitamin K help in clotting of blood? It helps in the formation of a protein called prothrombin which, in turn, is essential for blood clotting. QUIZ TIME START QUIZ […]

  5. […] рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рдИ: рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рдИ рдХреА рдореБрдЦреНрдп рднреВрдорд┐рдХрд╛ рд╡рд╣ рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рд╡рд╣ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдХреЛ рджреЗрддреА рд╣реИ рдХреБрдЫ рдлреИрдЯреА рдПрд╕рд┐рдб, рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди рдП рдФрд░ рд╕реА рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдеред рдпрд╣ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рдирд╛рд╢ рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде-рд╕рд╛рде рдЦрд╛рджреНрдп рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдереЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рднреАред рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди K: рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдЖрдкрдиреЗ рдХрднреА рджреЗрдЦрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЬрдм рдЖрдк рдЕрдкрдиреА рдЙрдВрдЧрд▓реА рдХрд╛рдЯрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рддреЛ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ? рддреБрдореНрд╣рд╛рд░реА рдЙрдВрдЧрд▓реА, рдЬрд╝рд╛рд╣рд┐рд░ рд╣реИ, рдЦреВрди рдмрд╣рдирд╛ рд╢реБрд░реВ рдХрд░ рджреЗрддреА рд╣реИ, рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдереЛрдбрд╝реА рджреЗрд░ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рд░рдХреНрдд рдмрд╛рд╣рд░ рдирд┐рдХрд▓рдирд╛ рдмрдВрдж рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ? рдпрд╣ рдРрд╕рд╛ рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣реИ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдШрд╛рд╡ рдкрд░ рдПрдХ рдердХреНрдХрд╛ рдмрдирддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдмрдВрдж рдХрд░ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди K рдирд┐рднрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд░рдХреНрдд рдХреЗ рдердХреНрдХреЗ рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рднреВрдорд┐рдХрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рдЗрд╕реЗ “рдПрдВрдЯреАрдмреЗрдмрд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ” рднреА рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди “(рдЬреЛ рдЕрдирд┐рдпрдВрддреНрд░рд┐рдд рд░рдХреНрддрд╕реНрд░рд╛рд╡ рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ)ред рд╡рд┐рдЯрд╛рдорд┐рди K рдХрд┐рд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЦреВрди рдХрд╛ рдердХреНрдХрд╛ рдмрдирдирд╛? рдпрд╣ рдкреНрд░реЛрдереНрд░реЛрдореНрдмрд┐рди рдирд╛рдордХ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреАрди рдХреЗ рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдг рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЬреЛ рдмрджрд▓реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рд╣реИ рд░рдХреНрдд рдХреЗ рдердХреНрдХреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдПред QUIZ TIME START QUIZ […]

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