DECE1-UNIT1-IGNOU-DAY6-ORSP
UNIT 1
THE EXPERIENCE OFCHILDHOOD
बच्चों का अनुभव
ଶିଶୁର ଅଭିଜ୍ଞତା
DECE1-UNIT1-IGNOU-DAY6-ORSP
Structure:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Being a Child
1.3 The Socio-Cultural Context of Childhood
1.3.1 Gender
1.3.2 Social Class
1.3.3 Religion
1.3.4 Family Structure and Interrelationships
1.3.5 Ecological Contexts
1.4 Summing Up
1.5 Glossary
1.6 Aswers to Check Your Props Exercises
संरचना:
१.१ परिचय
1.2 बच्चा होना
1.3 बचपन की सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ
१.३.१ लिंग
१.३.२ सामाजिक वर्ग
१.३.३ धर्म
1.3.4 पारिवारिक संरचना और अंतर्संबंध
1.3.5 पारिस्थितिक संदर्भ
1.4 सममिंग
1.5 शब्दावली
1.6 आपके Props व्यायाम की जाँच करने के लिए
ଗଠନ:
1.1 ପରିଚୟ
1.2। 1.2 ଶିଶୁ ହେବା |
1.3 ପିଲାଦିନର ସାମାଜିକ-ସାଂସ୍କୃତିକ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗ |
1.3.1 ଲିଙ୍ଗ
1.3.2 ସାମାଜିକ ଶ୍ରେଣୀ |
1.3.3 ଧର୍ମ
1.3.4 ପାରିବାରିକ ଗଠନ ଏବଂ ପାରସ୍ପରିକ ସମ୍ପର୍କ |
1.3.5 ଇକୋଲୋଜିକାଲ୍ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗ |
1.4 ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ
1.5 ଶବ୍ଦକୋଷ
1.6 ଆପଣଙ୍କର ପ୍ରପ୍ସ ବ୍ୟାୟାମଗୁଡିକ ଯାଞ୍ଚ କରିବାକୁ ଉତ୍ତରଗୁଡିକ |
1.3.3 Religion-धर्म-ଧର୍ମ
Religion lays down the rules, values and codes of conduct for day-to-day living. It
provides guidelines for relating to people. All religions view children as tender,
precious and valuable and childhood as a time for learning. The variation in children’s
experiences due to religion may be because of the specific rituals the mode of
worship. Most religions have certain rituals to mark the different stages in the life of
an individual. These vary from one religion to another. Among Hindus
some of the rituals are: ‘namakaran naming the child, ‘annaprasana’ -—the first semi-solid food
given to the child, ‘mundan – the first shaving of the hair, vidya-aarambh” —
introductions to the alphabets. Some Christian rituals are baptism and first communion.
Among Muslims, saying namaz along with adults is a religious duty. However, with
the changes in society there is not such a strict adherence to these rituals in many
families. Signs of respect for sacred places and objects are taught early in all religions.
1.3.4 Family Structure and Interrelationships
The way in which the family members interact with the child, the number of people in
the household and the relationship of the child to these people influence her
experiences. a family where the are members than the child’s parents,
child has many people to look after her. If the mother is too busy lo attend to the child
and play with her, there is the grandmother, the aunt, the older children and the other
members. The child forms emotional bonds with many. On the contrary, in a smaller
family unit which comprises parents and their one or two children, the child’s
caregivers are the parents and for a large part of the day only the mother. If the
mother has nobody to help her with the housework, she leaves
the child in a safe place in the
house with some play material while she finishes her work. The child is by
herself for this duration. If the child is around two to three years of age, the mother
may involve the child in a game while doing her work.
For example, while chopping
vegetables, she may ask her to pass them one by one to her. Children delight in doing
such things. If the mother has hired help at home, she will have more time for the
child.
धर्म दिन-प्रतिदिन के जीवन के नियमों, मूल्यों और आचार संहिता का पालन करता है। यह
लोगों से संबंधित दिशा-निर्देश प्रदान करता है। सभी धर्म बच्चों को निविदा के रूप में देखते हैं,
कीमती और मूल्यवान और सीखने के लिए बचपन। बच्चों में बदलाव
धर्म के कारण होने वाले अनुभव विशिष्ट अनुष्ठानों के कारण हो सकते हैं
पूजा करते हैं। अधिकांश धर्मों के जीवन में विभिन्न चरणों को चिह्नित करने के लिए कुछ अनुष्ठान होते हैं
एक व्यक्ति। ये एक धर्म से दूसरे धर्म में भिन्न होते हैं। हिंदुओं के बीच
कुछ अनुष्ठान इस प्रकार हैं: ak नामकरण बच्चे का नामकरण, ras अन्नप्रासन ’-पहले अर्ध-ठोस भोजन
बच्चे को दिया, ‘मुंडन – बालों की पहली शेविंग, विद्या-आरम्भ “-
अक्षर के लिए परिचय। कुछ ईसाई रीति-रिवाज़ बपतिस्मा और पहले कम्युनिकेशन हैं।
मुसलमानों के बीच, वयस्कों के साथ नमाज़ कहना एक धार्मिक कर्तव्य है। हालाँकि, के साथ
समाज में परिवर्तन इन अनुष्ठानों में कई लोगों के लिए ऐसा सख्त पालन नहीं है
परिवारों। सभी धर्मों में पवित्र स्थानों और वस्तुओं के सम्मान के संकेत जल्दी दिए गए हैं।
1.3.4 पारिवारिक संरचना और अंतर्संबंध
जिस तरह से परिवार के सदस्य बच्चे के साथ बातचीत करते हैं, उसमें लोगों की संख्या
इन लोगों के घर और बच्चे का रिश्ता उसे प्रभावित करता है
अनुभवों। एक परिवार जहां बच्चे के माता-पिता की तुलना में सदस्य हैं,
बच्चे की देखभाल करने के लिए कई लोग हैं। अगर मां बहुत व्यस्त है तो बच्चे को देख लें
और उसके साथ खेलते हैं, दादी, चाची, बड़े बच्चे और दूसरे हैं
सदस्य हैं। बच्चा कई के साथ भावनात्मक बंधन बनाता है। इसके विपरीत, एक छोटे में
परिवार इकाई जिसमें माता-पिता और उनके एक या दो बच्चे, बच्चे शामिल हैं
देखभाल करने वाले माता-पिता होते हैं और दिन के एक बड़े हिस्से के लिए केवल माँ। अगर द
माँ के पास घर के काम में मदद करने के लिए कोई नहीं है, वह चली गई
में एक सुरक्षित जगह में बच्चे
कुछ खेल सामग्री के साथ घर, जबकि वह अपना काम पूरा करती है। बच्चा है
इस अवधि के लिए खुद को। यदि बच्चा दो से तीन साल की उम्र का है, तो मां
अपना काम करते हुए बच्चे को खेल में शामिल कर सकते हैं।
उदाहरण के लिए, काटते समय
सब्जियां, वह उसे एक-एक करके उसे पास करने के लिए कह सकती हैं। बच्चों को करने में खुशी मिलती है
ऐसी बातें। अगर माँ ने घर में मदद पर काम किया है, तो उसके पास और समय होगा
बच्चे।
ଧର୍ମ ଦ living ନନ୍ଦିନ ଜୀବନଯାପନ ପାଇଁ ନିୟମ, ମୂଲ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ଆଚରଣ ସଂହିତା ରଖେ | ଏହା
ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସହ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ପାଇଁ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶାବଳୀ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ | ସମସ୍ତ ଧର୍ମ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କୁ କୋମଳ ମନେ କରନ୍ତି,
ମୂଲ୍ୟବାନ ଏବଂ ମୂଲ୍ୟବାନ ଏବଂ ପିଲାଦିନ ଶିଖିବାର ସମୟ ଭାବରେ | ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ |
ଧର୍ମ ହେତୁ ଅନୁଭୂତି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ରୀତିନୀତି ହେତୁ ହୋଇପାରେ |
ପୂଜା ଜୀବନର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରିବାକୁ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଧର୍ମରେ କିଛି ରୀତିନୀତି ରହିଛି |
ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଗୋଟିଏ ଧର୍ମରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଧର୍ମ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଭିନ୍ନ ହୋଇଥାଏ | ହିନ୍ଦୁମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ |
କେତେକ ରୀତିନୀତି ହେଉଛି: ‘ନାମକରନ୍ ଶିଶୁର ନାମକରଣ,’ ଆନାପ୍ରସାନା ’- ପ୍ରଥମ ଅର୍ଦ୍ଧ-କଠିନ ଖାଦ୍ୟ |
ପିଲାଙ୍କୁ ଦିଆଗଲା, ‘ସାଧାରଣ – କେଶର ପ୍ରଥମ ସେଭିଙ୍ଗ୍, ବିଦ୍ୟା-ଅରମ୍ବ’ –
ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳା ସହିତ ପରିଚୟ | କେତେକ ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟିଆନ ରୀତିନୀତି ହେଉଛି ବାପ୍ତିସ୍ମ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରଥମ ମିଳନ |
ମୁସଲମାନମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବୟସ୍କମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ନମାଜ କହିବା ଏକ ଧାର୍ମିକ କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟ | ତଥାପି, ସହିତ |
ସମାଜରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଅନେକଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏହି ରୀତିନୀତି ପ୍ରତି ସେତେ କଠୋର ଅନୁକରଣ ନାହିଁ |
ପରିବାର ପବିତ୍ର ସ୍ଥାନ ଏବଂ ବସ୍ତୁ ପ୍ରତି ସମ୍ମାନର ସଙ୍କେତ ସବୁ ଧର୍ମରେ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଶିକ୍ଷା ଦିଆଯାଏ |
1.3.4 ପାରିବାରିକ ଗଠନ ଏବଂ ପାରସ୍ପରିକ ସମ୍ପର୍କ |
ପରିବାର ସଦସ୍ୟ ପିଲାଙ୍କ ସହିତ କିପରି ଭାବରେ ଯୋଗାଯୋଗ କରନ୍ତି, ସେଠାରେ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା |
ଘର ଏବଂ ଏହି ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଶିଶୁର ସମ୍ପର୍କ ତାଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରେ |
ଅନୁଭୂତି | ଏକ ପରିବାର ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଶିଶୁର ପିତାମାତା ଅପେକ୍ଷା ସଦସ୍ୟ,
ପିଲାଟିର ଯତ୍ନ ନେବାକୁ ଅନେକ ଲୋକ ଅଛନ୍ତି | ଯଦି ମା ବହୁତ ବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ଅଛନ୍ତି ତେବେ ପିଲାକୁ ଦେଖ |
ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଖେଳ, ସେଠାରେ ଜେଜେମା, ମାଉସୀ, ବଡ ପିଲାମାନେ ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟଜଣେ ଅଛନ୍ତି |
ସଦସ୍ୟମାନେ | ପିଲା ଅନେକଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଭାବପ୍ରବଣତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ | ଅପରପକ୍ଷେ, ଏକ ଛୋଟରେ |
ପାରିବାରିକ ଏକକ ଯାହାକି ପିତାମାତା ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଏକ କିମ୍ବା ଦୁଇ ସନ୍ତାନ, ଶିଶୁର |
ଯତ୍ନ ନେଉଥିବା ପିତାମାତା ଏବଂ ଦିନର ଏକ ବଡ଼ ଅଂଶ ପାଇଁ କେବଳ ମାତା | ଯଦି
ମାଆ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଘର କାମରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବାକୁ କେହି ନାହାଁନ୍ତି, ସେ ଚାଲିଯାଆନ୍ତି |
ପିଲାଟି ଏକ ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ସ୍ଥାନରେ |
ସେ ନିଜ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମାପ୍ତ କଲାବେଳେ କିଛି ଖେଳ ସାମଗ୍ରୀ ସହିତ ଘର | ପିଲାଟି ପାଖରେ ଅଛି |
ନିଜେ ଏହି ଅବଧି ପାଇଁ | ଯଦି ପିଲାଟିର ବୟସ ପ୍ରାୟ ଦୁଇରୁ ତିନି ବର୍ଷ, ତେବେ ମା
ପିଲାଟି ତା’ର କାମ କରିବା ସମୟରେ ଏକ ଖେଳରେ ଜଡିତ ହୋଇପାରେ |
ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ୱରୂପ, କାଟିବା ସମୟରେ |
ପନିପରିବା, ସେ ହୁଏତ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ପରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପାସ୍ କରିବାକୁ କହିପାରେ | ପିଲାମାନେ କରିବାକୁ ଆନନ୍ଦ କରନ୍ତି |
ଏହିପରି ଜିନିଷଗୁଡିକ ଯଦି ମା ଘରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନିଯୁକ୍ତ କରିଛନ୍ତି, ତେବେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଅଧିକ ସମୟ ମିଳିବ |
ପିଲା
in some families where both the parents are working, the child is left in a creche or in
the house with a hired help or an older child. Sometimes she is taken to the place of
work by the mother. Spending the day in a creche in the care of an adult, who has to
look after other children also, would be a different experience altogether. When both
parents are working, they have less time to spend with children. On days when they
are too tired, they may not be able to give the child adequate attention. However, it is
ultimately the quality of time spent together which matters more than the quantity. By
A person looking after a child may spend an entire day with her but fail to take any
interest in the child. She may not converse and play with her or answer her questions
adequately. In other words, she may neglect the child. Adult’s responsiveness makes
the child feel wanted and loved. Therefore, the amount of time spent with the child
cannot, by itself, be a measure of caring. Even in a short period of time the caregiver
can have a meaningful interaction with the child, fulfill her needs and give attention to
her.
एक किराए की मदद या एक बड़े बच्चे के साथ घर। कभी-कभी उसकी जगह पर ले जाया जाता है
माँ द्वारा किया गया काम। एक वयस्क की देखभाल में एक क्रेच में दिन व्यतीत करना, जिसे करना है
अन्य बच्चों की भी देखरेख करें, यह एक अलग अनुभव होगा। कब दोनों
माता-पिता काम कर रहे हैं, उनके पास बच्चों के साथ बिताने के लिए कम समय है। दिनों पर जब वे
बहुत थक गए हैं, वे बच्चे को पर्याप्त ध्यान देने में सक्षम नहीं हो सकते हैं। हालांकि यह है
अंततः समय की गुणवत्ता एक साथ बिताई गई जो मात्रा से अधिक मायने रखती है। द्वारा
एक बच्चे की देखभाल करने वाला व्यक्ति उसके साथ पूरा एक दिन बिता सकता है लेकिन कोई भी लेने में विफल रहता है
बच्चे में रुचि। वह उसे समझा नहीं सकती और उसके साथ खेल सकती है या उसके सवालों का जवाब दे सकती है
पर्याप्त रूप से। दूसरे शब्दों में, वह बच्चे की उपेक्षा कर सकती है। वयस्क की जवाबदेही बनाता है
बच्चा महसूस करना चाहता था और प्यार करता था। इसलिए, बच्चे के साथ जितना समय बिताया है
नहीं, खुद से, देखभाल का एक उपाय हो सकता है। यहां तक कि कुछ ही समय में देखभाल करने वाला भी
बच्चे के साथ एक सार्थक बातचीत कर सकते हैं, उसकी जरूरतों को पूरा कर सकते हैं और उस पर ध्यान दे सकते हैं
उसके।
ଏକ ନିଯୁକ୍ତ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କିମ୍ବା ବଡ ପିଲା ସହିତ ଘର | ବେଳେବେଳେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନକୁ ନିଆଯାଏ |
ମା ଦ୍ୱାରା କାମ ଜଣେ ବୟସ୍କଙ୍କ ଯତ୍ନରେ ଦିନ କାଟିବା, ଯାହାକୁ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ |
ଅନ୍ୟ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କର ମଧ୍ୟ ଯତ୍ନ ନିଅନ୍ତୁ, ଏକ ଭିନ୍ନ ଅନୁଭୂତି ହେବ | ଯେତେବେଳେ ଉଭୟ
ପିତାମାତା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଛନ୍ତି, ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ବିତାଇବାକୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର କମ୍ ସମୟ ଅଛି | ଯେଉଁ ଦିନ ସେମାନେ |
ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ କ୍ଳାନ୍ତ, ସେମାନେ ହୁଏତ ପିଲାଙ୍କୁ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦେବାରେ ସକ୍ଷମ ହୋଇପାରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ | ତଥାପି, ଏହା ହେଉଛି |
ପରିଶେଷରେ ଏକତ୍ର ବିତାଇଥିବା ସମୟର ଗୁଣ ଯାହା ପରିମାଣଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ | ଦ୍ By ାରା
ପିଲାଟିର ଯତ୍ନ ନେଉଥିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ହୁଏତ ତା ’ସହିତ ପୁରା ଦିନ ବିତାଇପାରେ କିନ୍ତୁ କ take ଣସି ନେବାରେ ବିଫଳ ହୁଏ |
ପିଲା ପ୍ରତି ଆଗ୍ରହ ସେ ହୁଏତ କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା କରିପାରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଖେଳନ୍ତି କିମ୍ବା ତାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଦେଇପାରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ |
ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ଅନ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ, ସେ ପିଲାକୁ ଅବହେଳା କରିପାରେ | ବୟସ୍କଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାଶୀଳତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ |
ପିଲାଟି ଇଚ୍ଛା ଏବଂ ଭଲପାଇବା ଅନୁଭବ କରେ | ତେଣୁ, ପିଲା ସହିତ କେତେ ସମୟ ବିତାଇଥାଏ |
ନିଜେ, ଯତ୍ନର ପରିମାପ ହୋଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ | ଅଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଯତ୍ନ ନେଉଛନ୍ତି |
ପିଲା ସହିତ ଏକ ଅର୍ଥପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପାରସ୍ପରିକ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ରଖିପାରେ, ତା’ର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ପୂରଣ କରିପାରିବ ଏବଂ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦେବ |
ତାଙ୍କୁ
In some cases the father of the child may have migrated to the city, leaving the mother
totally responsible for the family. Occasionally, because of desertion or widowhood the
mother is the sole parent. She has, therefore, to take responsibility for caring a living
as well as for child care. In such a situation the child learns to be on her own. The
child may miss the parent who is absent and may feel different from others because of
this. The loss of one of the parents may have negative effects on the child but the
extent will depend on the presence of other family members.
कुछ मामलों में बच्चे के पिता मां को छोड़कर शहर में चले गए होंगे
पूरी तरह से परिवार के लिए जिम्मेदार है। कभी-कभी मरुभूमि या विधवापन के कारण
माँ एकमात्र माता पिता है। इसलिए, उसे एक देखभाल के लिए ज़िम्मेदार होना चाहिए
साथ ही बच्चे की देखभाल के लिए। ऐसी स्थिति में बच्चा अपने दम पर रहने की इच्छा करता है।
बच्चा माता-पिता को याद कर सकता है जो अनुपस्थित है और दूसरों से अलग महसूस कर सकता है
यह। माता-पिता में से एक के नुकसान का बच्चे पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ सकता है लेकिन
हद तक परिवार के अन्य सदस्यों की उपस्थिति पर निर्भर करेगा।
କେତେକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଶିଶୁର ପିତା ହୁଏତ ମାଆଙ୍କୁ ଛାଡି ସହରକୁ ଯାଇଥିବେ |
ପରିବାର ପାଇଁ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦାୟୀ | ବେଳେବେଳେ, ଛାଡିବା କିମ୍ବା ବିଧବା ହେତୁ |
ମାତା ଏକମାତ୍ର ପିତାମାତା | ତେଣୁ ସେ ଜୀବିକା ନିର୍ବାହର ଦାୟିତ୍। ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବେ
ଶିଶୁ ଯତ୍ନ ପାଇଁ ମଧ୍ୟ | ଏପରି ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରେ ପିଲାଟି ନିଜେ ରହିବାକୁ ଇଚ୍ଛା କରେ | େଯମାେନ
ପିଲା ଅନୁପସ୍ଥିତ ଥିବା ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କୁ ହରାଇ ପାରନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଭିନ୍ନ ଅନୁଭବ କରିପାରନ୍ତି |
ଏହା ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଜଣଙ୍କର ହାରିଯିବା ପିଲା ଉପରେ ନକାରାତ୍ମକ ପ୍ରଭାବ ପକାଇପାରେ |
ପରିମାଣ ଅନ୍ୟ ପରିବାର ସଦସ୍ୟଙ୍କ ଉପସ୍ଥିତି ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରିବ |
1.3.5 Ecological Contexts
Ecology refers to the physical environment that a person lives in. It includes the
geographical location, the vegetation, the type of animals and the natural resources.
Ecology could also be delined in terms of the type of facilities available such as roads,
hospitals, schools and electricity Ecology determines the type of food eaten, clothing.
Occupation and the division of tasks and responsibilities between men and women.
Rural, urban and tribal areas are different in their environment, Hills, plains, deserts and
coastal areas are also coologically different from each other. The child learns those skills
that will help her to survice in her own setting. A child living in a village in the hills
where rearing sleep is the main occupation takes the sheep for grazing and brings them
back. She also learns to shear them and prepare wool from the fleece. A child living in
Broken boats can be play material for children of fishermen
a village in a coastal area Icars to swim, row a boat, make a bait for the clean the
fish and so forth. Living in a desert area the child may feed a camel and learn to find
her way across the sand dunes with ease. In this Unit, the different geographical regions
have been clubbed as rural, urban and tribal. There are certain aspects which
characterize a rural community whether it is near the coast, in the hills or in the desert
and which make it different from a tribal or an urban set up. The following discussion
is based og these lines,
Living in a City (Urban Area) : What would be the first thing that comes to your
mind when you think of a city? A city has a large population. It is a place of contrasts.
There are the rich who can afford everything and the poor who have to work hard for a
living. Adjoining big and palatial houses we find slums. While a five year old of a high
income group goes lo a school, another child of the same age earns a living by
performing as an acrobat.
There are hospitals, hotels, schools, cincmas, electronic gadgets, different modes of
transport and many other facilities in the cities. Those who have the means can buy the
best of everything but there are goods to suit every section of the population. How a
child lives, what facilities she can make use of and how she spends ber day will be
determined by the social class to which she belongs and the values of her family. In a
slum, for example, the living conditions are such that the child knows what is happening
next door. There is plenty of interaction. The child grows up with numerous playmates.
On the other hand, people of the higher income groups with their more private and
bigger dwellings can choose whether to interact with one’s neighbours or not. In such a
case, if the child is the only child she may not have any friends until the time she goes
to school. But what all children living in a city have in common is the fast pace of life
as people rush about on their own business.
Living in a Village (Rural Area): What distinguishes a village from a city is that it
has a smaller population. Most of the people may know others in a small village. There
are fewer facilities such as transport, hospitals, cinemas, schools or pucca roads. The
pace of life is slower. The boundaries between the family and the caste group are not
rigid. Consequently, the child may spend a considerable part of her day in other houses
and she grows up with many playmates.
The children, by and large, follow the occupation of the parents which may be farming
or a craft such as pottery or carpet weaving. They would spend a considerable portion
of the day assisting the parents in their work. Again the extent to which the children
assist depends on the economic situation of the family. If the family is poor, all hands
are needed to work. If the family is relatively well-off, the children have time to attend
school and may assist the parents on holidays. With changing values
education is
beginning to assume importance in the rural areas. Parents, when they can afford it.
send their children to school and hope to impart least primary education to girls.
Fewer hospitals and qualified medical persons mean more unattended illnesses. If there
is no school near the village most children would be without formal education.
Inadequate transportation implies that the child does not get to travel and know the
world outside the village, while for a child in the city the newspapers, magazines,
cinemas, television and a variety of books increase the range of information. There are
differences in the type of tasks that a child from a rural area can do as compared to a
child in an urban set up. A three year old child in the city is surprised to learn that
buffaloes give milk, because she had thought that milk comes from bottles in the milk
booth, whereas the three year old in the village sees a buffalo being milked every day.
The child
I in the city can speak confidently of aeroplanes, computers and cars. The child
in the
village may not have this information but would be able to identify a plant from
its leaves and knows how plants are grown,
Despite the similarities in rural life, the picture of the villages is a varied one. Villages
which are closer to the cities and those with industrial units such as factories or other
production units have better equipped hospitals and schools and there is some
transportation. Radios and the expanding television network has brought the outer world
villages. People give up their family occupation and commute to the cities for
better paid jobs, Education for
for girls assumes importance and in many cases children may
be attending a school in the city. On the other hand there are remote villages as the
example of Bhaiya village in Rajasthan will show. The nearest primary health centre is
60 kms away and the only hospital is 150 kms away in Jaisalmer. The nearest primary
school is 50 kms away in Deora. The nearest bus stop is 20 kms away. As you can see,
the contrasts in experience in the different ecological settings are many.
Living in a Tribal Settlement: There are many tribes in India, each with its distinct
customs, laws, kinds of occupation and the roles and responsibilities of men and women.
There is a great variety of tribal experience. Some tribes in the vicinity of cities and
towns have contact with them and have been integrated into the mainstream of life.
Some tribes live in near isolation from the rest of the world with minimal or no contact
with people outside the tribe. These tribes are almost totally self sufficient, depending on
the outside world for only a few things. In such a setting the child grows up believing
that the way of life of the tribe is the only way. Let us briefly read about one such
tribe.
into the
Among the Hill Marias, one of the most isolated tribes living in the Bastar district of
Madhya Pradesh, shifting agriculture is the means of subsistence. The entire village
shifts from a site once every two or three years. The land is generally collectively
owned and consequently not much importance is attached to private property. The
people depend on the outside world only for salt, chillies and tobacco.
For a tribe, solidarity is of paramount importance and consequently laws, customs and
norms are strictly observed. Among Hill Marias premarital sex is permitted while incest
is taboo. Child marriages are totally absent. Divorce for both men and women is easy
but extra marital sex gets a death penalty. Literacy levels are low and ill health is
rampant due to the lack of health facilities,
However, the intervention of the state government and the voluntary agencies has
exposed the Hill Marias to the outside world. This has brought about changes in their
lifestyle. There is now a hospital, a school, vocational training centre and a fair price
shop. Though the tribals still visit their traditional healer, they also go to the hospital.
The school, 30-40 kms away, has attracted many boys and girls and they are doing well.
The villages of the tribals, which were inaccessible earlier, have been connected to the
district by roads. About hundred tubewells have been sunk and solar energy is being
used in some villages. There has been an attempt to change the practice of shifting
agriculture to settled agriculture. Food habits have changed too.
Check Your Progress Exercise 3
Answer the following questions briefly in the space provided.
1) Following are some statements. Read them carefully and write in the brackets
whether they are true or false.
a) In all religions children are regarded as tender, precious and valuable and
childhood as a time for learning.
b) A child who lives in a family where there are a number of caregivers forms
emotional bonds with many.
c) The quality of time spent by the caregiver with the child is more important
than the quantity of time.
2) List three ways in which the experiences of a child living in a city are different
from one who lives in a village.
3) List three changes that have come about in the lifestyle of the Hill Marias as a
result of contact with the outside world.
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