The correct answer is 73rd.

• The Panchayati Raj system was giving constitutional status by the 73rd Constitutional amendment act of 1992.

Key Points

• It led to the Formal beginning of Panchayat Rain India.
• 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 changed several parts of the constitution including Preamble.
• 58th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1987 inserted article 394A and amended part 22 of the constitution.
• 78th Constitutional Amendment Act 1995 placed Land reforms act under schedule 9.

The correct option is Option 2, i.e Euro.
Key Points

• Euro is the currency of Germany.
• Germany - It is a country in north-central Europe.
• Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the G20, and the OECD.
• Germany Capital - Berlin.
• Dinar - It is the currency of Kuwait, Jordan, Iraq, Libya, Serbia, etc.
• Dollar - It is the currency of the United States and its territories.
• Franc - It is the currency of Switzerland, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, etc.

The correct answer is Troposphere.

• Almost all the clouds are found in the Troposphere.

Key Points

• Troposphere
  • The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth’s atmosphere and contains approximately 80% of the atmosphere’s mass and 99% of its water vapour and aerosols.
  • The average depth of the troposphere is approximately 17 km in the middle latitudes.
  • The characteristic features of the Troposphere are its great density.
  • In addition to nitrogen and oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour (nearly all of the water vapour contained in the atmosphere is concentrated in the troposphere) and numerous particles of various origin
  • It thickness of the Troposphere is maximum at the equator, deeper in the tropics, up to 20 km, and shallower near the polar regions, at 7 km in summer, and indistinct in winter.
  • In India, it is taken to be around 16 Kilometers.
  • The thickness of the troposphere and consequently the atmosphere is maximum at the equator.
  • Almost all the clouds are found in the troposphere.

Additional Information

• Stratosphere
  • It is the second layer of the atmosphere found above the troposphere.
  • It extends up to 50 km in height.
  • This layer is very dry as it contains little water vapour.
  • This layer provides some advantages for flight because it is above stormy weather and has steady, strong, horizontal winds.
  • The ozone layer is found in this layer.
  • The ozone layer absorbs UV rays and safeguards the earth from harmful radiation.
  • Stratopause separates Stratosphere and Mesosphere.
• Mesosphere
  • It is the coldest of the atmospheric layers.
  • The mesosphere starts at 50 km above the surface of Earth and goes up to 85 km.
  • The temperature drops with altitude in this layer.
  • By 80 km it reaches -100 degrees Celsius.
  • Meteors burn up in this layer.
  • Mesopause separates Mesosphere and Thermosphere.
• Thermosphere
  • This layer is found above Mesopause from 80 to 400 km.
  • Radio waves that are transmitted from the earth are reflected by this layer.
  • The temperature increases with height.
  • Satellites occur in this layer.
• Exosphere
  • It is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.
  • The zone where molecules and atoms escape into space is mentioned as the exosphere.
  • It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km.
• 

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., 273 K.

Key Points

• The melting point of ice is 273 K.
• Water can exist in all three forms, i.e., solid, liquid, and gas.
• Solid in the form of ice, liquid in the form of water, and gas in the form of water vapours.
• The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes its state from solid into liquid.
• For ice, the temperature in degree Celcius is 0 and in kelvin, it is 273.
• Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature and 0ºC = 273 K
• The formula for converting ºC into K is: K = 273 + temperature in ºC
• The temperature at which a liquid transforms into gas is termed as its boiling point.
• For water, the boiling point is 100ºC, i.e., 373 K.

The correct answer is Instantaneous velocity.

Key Points

• Instantaneous velocity:
  • It is defined as the velocity of an object under motion at any given instant of time. So, option 1 is correct.
  • The SI unit of instantaneous velocity is m/s.
• The average velocity of an object is defined as its total displacement divided by the total time taken.
• Variable velocity is defined as the change of velocity with time.
• Uniform velocity: A body is said to have uniform velocity if it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time in a particular direction.

The correct answer is 44th Constitution Amendment Act.

Key Points

• The Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, was enacted by the Janata Party.
• Janata Party had won the 1977 general elections campaigning on a promise to "restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency".
• In 1978 by the 44th Constitution Amendment Act, the term 'internal disturbance' was replaced by the "armed rebellion".

Additional Information

Some important Amendments in the Constitution:

The correct answer is Aryabhatiyam.

Key Points

• Aryabhatiyam
  • ​Aryabhatiyam was written by Aryabhata.
  • The only known surviving work of the Indian mathematician Aryabhata, who lived in the fifth century, is the Sanskrit astronomical treatise known as Aryabhatiya or Aryabhatiyam.
  • Roger Billard, an astronomy philosopher, hypothesises that the book was written around 510 CE based on historical references it makes.
  • There are four Adhyys, or portions, in the Aryabhatiya. Gtkpa, the opening portion, is made up of 13 slokas.
  • The "Dasageethika" or "Ten Stanzas," the introduction to Aryabhatiya, is the book's first section.

Additional Information

• Books and Writers​

The correct answer is Species.

Important Points

• The sum total of the populations of the same kind of organisms is called species.
• Species are often defined as a group of individuals with similar characteristics, where they can interbreed to produce fertile offsprings.

Taxonomy

• Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with naming, describing, and classification of all living organisms including plants.
• Classification is based on behavioral, genetic, and biochemical variations.
• Organisms are classified into seven main categories:  kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
• The scientific classification of humans is as follows:
  • Kingdom:  Animalia
  • Phylum: Chordata
  • Class: Mammalia
  • Order: Primates
  • Family: Hominidae
  • Genus: Homo
  • Species: Sapiens

The correct answer is Gopala.

• Pala Dynasty:
  • Its founder, Gopala, was a local chieftain who rose to power in the mid-8th century during a period of anarchy.
  • His successor, Dharmapala, greatly expanded the kingdom and for a while was in control of Kannauj.

Additional Information

• The incredible Buddhist complex of Paharpur was created under the Pala dynasty in Bengal and fostered by successive leaders.
  • The Pala dynasty ruled the regions of Bengal and Bihar for about 400 years, from the 8th century until the end of the 11th century, with about 20 leaders on the throne during the period.
  • To begin to understand the Pala Dynasty, it's useful to look at the state of affairs when the first ruler took power.
  • The region that is now north-eastern India and Bangladesh had been in a state of anarchy for about a century following the fall of the Post Gupta dynasty. Feudal lords had found themselves in a cycle of a petty conflict with no obvious path to resolution.
  • It wasn't until one feudal lord named Gopala managed to gain the support of other leaders that stability started to emerge.
  • Through a democratic process, he took control of the region called Varendra, made up of north-western Bangladesh, West Bengal, and the Indian area of Bihar. He would be the founder and first ruler of the Pala Empire.
  •  It was the dynasty's second ruler, the son of Gopala, who would have the biggest impact, though.
  • His name was King Dharma Pala Deva (also known as Dharmapala) and he greatly expanded the territory of the empire, spreading across northern India. He is regarded as an efficient administrator and, during this period, the region flourished economically

The correct answer is Indira Col.

Key Points

• The northernmost point of India is Indira Col and the southernmost point is Indira Point.
• The easternmost point of India is Kibithu (Arunachal Pradesh) and the westernmost point is Sir Creek (near Guhar Moti) in Kutch (Gujarat).

Additional Information

• Srinagar is the capital of Jammu and Kashmir.
• The capital of Sikkim is Gangtok.
• Sikkim shares its boundary with three countries (Nepal, Bhutan, and China).
• The total area of India is 32,87,263 SqKm.
• India has 28 states and 8 Union territories.

The Correct Answer is Option 1 i.e Is a member of Rajya sabha.

• Non-confidence motion:
  • It has been mentioned under Rule 198 of the Rules of Procedure and conduct of Lok Sabha.
  • The motion of No-confidence can be moved only in Lok Sabha.
  • Rajya Sabha does not have the power to move such motion.
  • It is moved against the entire Council of Ministers and not on individual ministers or private members.
  • The motion has to be passed by a simple majority.
  • When a no-confidence motion has been passed in the house then the Union council of ministers needs to resign and the union government collapses.
  • The Prime Minister of India cannot participate in voting on a non-confidence motion against her/his government if she/he is a member of Rajya Sabha.

The correct answer is Chhattisgarh.

• The Korba Coalfield is located in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh.

Key Points

• It is located in the Korba district near the Hasdeo River in Chhattisgarh.
• Hasandeo river is a tributary of Mahanadi.
• The coal mining started here in Korba in 1941.
• The production gets boosted after the construction of the Champa – Korba rail link in 1955.
• Coalfield located in West Bengal is Raniganj Coalfield.
• In Jharkhand, the Jharia coalfield is located.
• There is no coal field in Bihar.

The correct answer is Speaker of Lok Sabha.

Important Points

• The joint sitting of the Parliament:
  • It is called by the President (Article 108).
  • It is presided over by the Speaker. So, option 4 is correct.
  • In his absence, it is presided over by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha, or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha presides.
  • The Chairman doesn't preside over the joint session.
  • If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House.

Additional Information

• The Parliament of India is bicameral.
• The concurrence of both houses is required to pass any bill.
• There may be some situations of deadlock between the upper house (Rajya Sabha) and the lower house (Lok Sabha).
• Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock.

The correct answer is Black Soil.

Key Points

• Black Soil is predomainantly found in the Deccan lava tract in India.
• On the Deccan lava plateau and the Malwa Plateau, where there is moderate rainfall and underlying basaltic rock, black soils, which are derivatives of trap lava, are mostly found in interior Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh.
• Black soils have a high percentage of clay, which causes large fissures to form during the dry season, yet their iron-rich granular structure prevents wind and water erosion.
• Despite having little humus, they are very moisture-retentive and react well to irrigation.
• These soils can also be found on several outlying tracts where river processes have caused the underlying basalt to be moved from its original position.

Important Points

• Alluvium is loose clay, silt, sand, or gravel that has been deposited by flowing water on a stream bed, on a floodplain, in an alluvial fan or beach, or in environments that are similar.
• About 13% of the soils on Earth are red soil, which often forms in warm, moderate, and humid areas.
• Heavy rainfall, periods of wet and dry weather, and high temperatures all contribute to the formation of laterite soil, which is then primarily composed of iron and aluminium oxides once the soil has been leached.

The correct answer is Kushinagar.

Key Points

• Gautam Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana in Kushinagar (in present-day Uttar Pradesh).
• Mahaparinirvana usually means the ultimate state of Nirvana (everlasting, highest peace and happiness) attained by an Awakened Being.
  • Kushinagar is the final resting place of Gautam Buddha.
  • It is a Buddhist pilgrimage site.

Important Points

• Gautam Buddha achieved Nirvana (Enlightenment) on the banks of river Niranjana in Bodh Gaya.
  • He was known as Gautama Buddha and Tathagata (he who has attained the truth) after this.
• Gautam Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath.
  • It is called Dharma Chakra Pravartana or the Turning of the Wheel of Law.
• Lumbini in Nepal is the birthplace of Buddha.
• Buddha left his home at the age of 29 years to live a life of an ascetic which is known as Mahabhinishkramana (the great departure).

The correct answer is 2004.

• National Commission for Scheduled Castes was set up in 2004. It is a constitutional body.
• National Commission for Scheduled Castes works to safeguard the interests of the scheduled castes in India.
• Enquiring into the complaints related to the rights of SCs.
• NCSC recommends steps to be taken for the betterment of the SCs.
• The NCSC reports regularly to the President of India.
• The NCSC consist of a chairperson, a vice-chairperson, and three other members.

The correct answer is Allan Octavian Hume.

• The Indian National Congress (INC) was formed by the Allan Octavian Hume in 1885.
• INC was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa and it grew to become one of the most important political parties in pre-independence India.
• The first session of INC was held in Bombay from 28–31 December 1885 under the chairmanship of W.C. Bonnerjee.
• The session of the Indian National Congress is held at the gap of one year.
• INC started as an organization comprising only of the educated elite in India, but it later became a party of commoners with prominent leaders like Lajpat Rai, Tilak, Gandhi, Nehru, Bose, etc. as its members.
• From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi,
• Congress lead India to independence from Great Britain and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire.
• The list of some of the sessions of the Indian National Congress before the Indian Independence.

  Year	Location	President and significance
  1885	Bombay	Womesh Chandra Bannerjee [1st session attended by 72 delegates]
  1886	Calcutta	Dadabhai Naoroji National [Congress and National Conference]
  1887	Madras	Badruddin Tyyabji [fist Muslim President]
  1889	Bombay	Sir William Wedderburn

The correct answer is Padma Bhushan.

• Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian honour in India.

Key Points

• Padma Bhushan:
  • The award is given for distinguished service of a high order in any field, including service rendered by government servants.
  • It is the third-highest civilian honour in India.
  • It was first awarded in 1954.
• Bharat Ratna:
  • The highest civilian award is given for exceptional service the advancement of art, literature and science, and in recognition of public service of the highest order.
  • Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was the first foreigner to be honoured with this award in 1987.
• Padma Vibhushan:
  • The award is given for exceptional and distinguished services in any field including service rendered by government servants.
  • It is the second-highest civilian honour in India.
• Padma Shri:
  • The award is given for distinguished service in any field including service rendered by government servants.
  • It is the fourth-highest civilian honour in India.

Additional Information

• Arjuna Award:
  • The Arjuna Awards were instituted in 1961 by the Government of India to recognize outstanding achievement in National Sports.
• Dada Saheb Phalke Award:
  • Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India's highest award in cinema.
  • It is presented annually at the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals (an organisation set up by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting).
  • The award prize consists of a golden lotus, a cash prize of ₹10 lakh and a shawl. 
  • The award is given to people for their outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema.
  • It was first presented in 1969.
  • The first recipient of the award was actress Devika Rani, "the first lady of Indian cinema".

The correct answer is State List.

• The state List currently has 61 items initially there were 66 items included in this list.

Important Points

• Article 249 of the Constitution provides Parliament with the power to make laws on the subjects which are included in the State List in order to protect and promote the national interests.
• The subjects mentioned in the State List are exclusively legislated by the State Legislatures under natural circumstances.

Additional Information

•  The 42nd Amendment Act 1976 shifted five subjects from State list to Concurrent List:

1. Protection of birds and wild animals
2. Forests
3. Education
4. Matters related to Weights and measures and
5. Administration of constitution and organization of all courts across the country except the Supreme Court and the High Courts and matters pertaining to justice.

• Currently, the Centre list has 100 subjects, the State List has 61 subjects while there are 52 in the concurrent list