DECE2-Solution(ENG)(CH-3)-IGNOU-DAY 13-ORSP
DECE2-Solution(ENG)(CH-3)-IGNOU-DAY 13-ORSP
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DECE2-Solution(ENG)(CH-3)-IGNOU-DAY 13-ORSP
Contents
Chapters
Chapter-1 Introduction to Nutrition and Health
Unit 1 The Concept of Nutrition
Unit 2 The Concept of Health
Unit 3 Indicators of Health
Chapter-2 Basic Concepts in Nutrition
Unit 4 The Macronutrients-I: Carbohydrates And Water
Unit-5 The Macronutrients-II: Proteins and Fats
Unit-6 The Micronutrients-1 : Vitamins
Unit-7 The Micronutrients-II: Minerals
Unit-8 Planning Balanced Diets
Chapter-3 Nutrition and Health Care during Pregnancy and Lactation
Unit-9 Meal Planning for Pregnant and Lactating Women
Unit-10 Health Care during Pregnancy
Unit-11 Health Care during Intranatal and Postnatal Periods
Chapter-4 Nutrition and Health Care during Infancy and Early Childhood
Unit-12 Nutrition during Infancy
Unit-13 Nutrition during Early Childhood
Unit-14 Health Care of the Child
Chapter-5 Nutrition Related Disorders in Early Childhood
Unit-15 Major Deficiency Diseases – 1: PEM and Xerophthalmia
Unit-16 Major Deficiency Diseases – II: Anaemia and lodine Deficiency Disorders
Unit-17Other Nutritional Disorders
Chapter-6 Nutrition and Health Programmes
Unit-18 Major Nutrition Programme
Unit-19 Major Health Programme
Unit-20 Assessment of Nutritional Status
Chapter-7 Common Childhood Illnesses, Their Prevention and Management -1
Unit-21 Caring for the Sick Child I
Unit-22 Some Disorders of the Alimentary System
Unit-23 Some Disorders of the Respiratory System
Unit-24 Some Infections of the Mouth and Throat
Unit-25 Some Problems of the Eyes
Chapter-8 Commom Childhood illness,Their Prevention And Management
Unit-26 Common Diseases of the Skin
Unit-27 Common Problems of the Bars
Unit-28 Fevers
Unit-29 Lumps and Swellings
Unit-30 First Aid
DECE2-Solution(ENG)(CH-3)-IGNOU-DAY 13-ORSP
Chapter-3
Nutrition and Health Care during Pregnancy and Lactation
Q1. Discuss the reasons for increased needs of certain nutrients, in pregnancy and
Lactation.(10 MARK)
Ans. Due to the rapid growth in the foetal tissues(ଭ୍ରୁଣ ଟିସୁ )and maternal tissues(ମାତୃ ଟିସୁ ), basal
metabolic rate or BMR also goes up.
Lactation.(10 MARK)
Ans. Due to the rapid growth in the foetal tissues(ଭ୍ରୁଣ ଟିସୁ )and maternal tissues(ମାତୃ ଟିସୁ ), basal
metabolic rate or BMR also goes up.
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy that is expended at rest in a neutral environment after the digestive system has been inactive for about 12 hours. It is the rate of one’s metabolism when waking in the morning after “fasting” during sleep.(ବେସାଲ୍ ମେଟାବୋଲିକ୍ ହାର (BMR) ହେଉଛି ଶକ୍ତି ପରିମାଣ ଯାହା ହଜମ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ପ୍ରାୟ 12 ଘଣ୍ଟା ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ହେବା ପରେ ଏକ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ପରିବେଶରେ ବିଶ୍ରାମ ସମୟରେ ବ୍ୟୟ ହୁଏ | ଶୋଇବା ସମୟରେ “ଉପବାସ” କରିବା ପରେ ସକାଳେ ଉଠିବା ସମୟରେ ଏହା ହେଉଛି ମେଟାବୋଲିଜିମର ହାର |)
In simple terms this means that the chemical
reactions going on inside the body cells proceed at a faster pace. The word “basal”
refers to the state of the normal body when at complete rest but not sleeping Basal
metabolic rate is best measured early in the morning when the person has just
woken up. The increase in basal metabolic rate or BMR is one of the reasons why
energy requirements go up sharply from the second trimester of pregnancy.
reactions going on inside the body cells proceed at a faster pace. The word “basal”
refers to the state of the normal body when at complete rest but not sleeping Basal
metabolic rate is best measured early in the morning when the person has just
woken up. The increase in basal metabolic rate or BMR is one of the reasons why
energy requirements go up sharply from the second trimester of pregnancy.
(A pregnancy is divided into trimesters: the first trimester is from week 1 to the end of week 12. the second trimester is from week 13 to the end of week 26. the third trimester is from week 27 to the end of the pregnancy.)(ଏକ ଗର୍ଭଧାରଣକୁ ତ୍ର ମାସିକରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି: ପ୍ରଥମ ତ୍ର ମାସିକ ସପ୍ତାହ 1 ରୁ ସପ୍ତାହ ଶେଷ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ | ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ତ୍ର ମାସିକ ସପ୍ତାହ 13 ରୁ ସପ୍ତାହ ଶେଷ 26 ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ | ତୃତୀୟ ତ୍ର ମାସିକ ସପ୍ତାହ 27 ରୁ ଗର୍ଭଧାରଣର ଶେଷ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ )
Other reasons are:,
(i) that growth itself is a process requiring high levels of energy, and
(ii) that energy is stored in the body in the form of fat.
Now, you are aware that protein is required for body-building. So, in a high growth
phase like pregnancy, what would happen to protein needs? Yes, they would go up
sharply in order to sustain the process of rapid-growth of both foetus and maternal
tissues. The growth of both foetal and maternal tissues becomes substantial from the
second trimester onwards.
(i) that growth itself is a process requiring high levels of energy, and
(ii) that energy is stored in the body in the form of fat.
Now, you are aware that protein is required for body-building. So, in a high growth
phase like pregnancy, what would happen to protein needs? Yes, they would go up
sharply in order to sustain the process of rapid-growth of both foetus and maternal
tissues. The growth of both foetal and maternal tissues becomes substantial from the
second trimester onwards.
Linked to the increased needs for energy, are the increased needs of the B vitamins
from the second trimester. B vitamins such
as thiamine, riboflavin and niacin form part of coenzymes involved in helping to
release the energy locked into molecules of carbohydrate or fat.
from the second trimester. B vitamins such
as thiamine, riboflavin and niacin form part of coenzymes involved in helping to
release the energy locked into molecules of carbohydrate or fat.
The case of folic acid
is a little different. Coenzymes synthesized from folic acid play an important role in
the process of cell multiplication which, as you know, is part of the process of
growth. Hence folic acid requirements go up sharply for this reason.
Requirements for iron and calcium also go up substantially from the second
trimester onwards. Iron is needed for synthesis of hemoglobin. This forms a part of
the several new red blood cells
formed in the mother’s bloodstream as well as in that
of the foetus.
is a little different. Coenzymes synthesized from folic acid play an important role in
the process of cell multiplication which, as you know, is part of the process of
growth. Hence folic acid requirements go up sharply for this reason.
Requirements for iron and calcium also go up substantially from the second
trimester onwards. Iron is needed for synthesis of hemoglobin. This forms a part of
the several new red blood cells
formed in the mother’s bloodstream as well as in that
of the foetus.
In addition, stores of iron are accumulated(ସଂଗୃହିତ) in the foetus to last through
the first three to four months of life after birth. This further raises the iron
requirement. Calcium is deposited in large amounts in the bones of the developing
foetus. This is the reason why calcium needs go up in pregnancy.
the first three to four months of life after birth. This further raises the iron
requirement. Calcium is deposited in large amounts in the bones of the developing
foetus. This is the reason why calcium needs go up in pregnancy.
Have you heard of the problem of iodine deficiency in infants due to low intake of
Iodine by the mother? Iodine deficiency results in cretinism – a condition associated
Iodine by the mother? Iodine deficiency results in cretinism – a condition associated
with mental retardation, poor physical growth and defects such as squint and
deafness. Intake of adequate iodine by the pregnant woman is therefore crucial to
ensure proper regulation of physical and mental development of the foetus.
deafness. Intake of adequate iodine by the pregnant woman is therefore crucial to
ensure proper regulation of physical and mental development of the foetus.
We earlier mentioned that the requirements for certain nutrients go up sharply from
the second trimester onwards. Can you think of a reason for this? The reason is that
in the first trimester (0-3 months) the foetus is small and its nutritional needs are not
significant. The associated changes in the organs and tissues of the mother also
remain insignificant
the second trimester onwards. Can you think of a reason for this? The reason is that
in the first trimester (0-3 months) the foetus is small and its nutritional needs are not
significant. The associated changes in the organs and tissues of the mother also
remain insignificant
It must be emphasized here that the nutrient requirements for the growth and
development of the foetus are met by the mother’s diet.
development of the foetus are met by the mother’s diet.
Can you think of whatwould happen if the diet is inadequate?
If the diet does not supply nutrients in
essential amounts, the mother’s own tissues would be broken down. You can
imagine the effect on the health of an already malnourished woman in pregnancy if
she does not consume a proper diet!
essential amounts, the mother’s own tissues would be broken down. You can
imagine the effect on the health of an already malnourished woman in pregnancy if
she does not consume a proper diet!
This should suggest to you the crucial importance of entering pregnancy in good
nutritional status. The diet of the girl during adolescence is crucial in preparing the
body for pregnancy. However, many of the adolescent girls in our country do not
get a chance to complete their growth and they remain
undernourished. In fact,
nutritional status. The diet of the girl during adolescence is crucial in preparing the
body for pregnancy. However, many of the adolescent girls in our country do not
get a chance to complete their growth and they remain
undernourished. In fact,
many girls in our country go through pregnancy before reaching adulthood. This
imposes a heavy strain on the girl, pushing up nutrient needs very high. She faces
the burden of meeting the increased nutrient needs required for supporting her own
rapid growth in adolescence as well as the increased nutrient needs imposed by
pregnancy. Very often these increased needs cannot be met. The result? The girl may
become severely malnourished and the baby is born too small. Neither mother nor
infant may survive. We will discuss the heavy price of malnutrition in greater detail
in Several studies have shown that a well- nourished woman with adequate nutrient
reserves is better equipped for a successful pregnancy. In other words diet before
pregnancy is important so that nutrient reserves or stores are available in the body.
However, this must be followed up with a good diet during pregnancy to prevent
the mother and infant becoming malnourished.
imposes a heavy strain on the girl, pushing up nutrient needs very high. She faces
the burden of meeting the increased nutrient needs required for supporting her own
rapid growth in adolescence as well as the increased nutrient needs imposed by
pregnancy. Very often these increased needs cannot be met. The result? The girl may
become severely malnourished and the baby is born too small. Neither mother nor
infant may survive. We will discuss the heavy price of malnutrition in greater detail
in Several studies have shown that a well- nourished woman with adequate nutrient
reserves is better equipped for a successful pregnancy. In other words diet before
pregnancy is important so that nutrient reserves or stores are available in the body.
However, this must be followed up with a good diet during pregnancy to prevent
the mother and infant becoming malnourished.
Q2. Explain the influence of increased nutrient needs and physiological changes
on meal planning for pregnant and lactating women,
on meal planning for pregnant and lactating women,
Welcome To
Odisha Regional Study Point
We Allows the best com
petitive exam preparation for SSC,BANKING, RAILWAY &Other State Exam(CT, BE.d)… etc
In ଓଡ଼ିଆ Language…
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✅All Govt Exams are Covered
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