| INDICATORS OF HEALTH | DECE2 UNIT 3 | IGNOU | DECE |

INDICATORS OF HEALTH

Structure
Indicators of Health
3.2.1 Characteristics of an Indicator
3.2.2 Mortality Indicators
3.2.3 Morbidity Indicators
3.2.4 Disability Rates
3.2.5 Nutritional Status Indicators
3.2.6 Health Care Delivery Indicators
3.2.7 Utilization Rates
3.2.8 Indicators of Social and Mental Health .
3.2.9 Environmental Indicators
3.2.10 Indicators of Quality of Life
3.2.1 1 Health Policy Indicators
3.2.12 Socioeconomic Indicators
3.3 Health Situation in India
3.3.1 Demographic Profile
3.3.2 . Mortality Profile
3.3.3 Morbidity Profile
3.3.4 Health Care Facilities and Personnel
3.4 National Health Policy
3.5. Health Care Services-Basic Concepts
3.5.1 Levels of Health Care
3.5.2 Health Team Concept
3.5.3 Health for All
3.5.4 Primary Health Care
3.6 Health Care Delivery System in Our Country

Primary Health Care

The Alma-Ata Declaration visualized primary health care as the nucleus of a
country’s health system to make essential health care universally accessible. What
is primary health care? According to the Declaration, primary health care is
“essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families In the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination.

Primary health care stands on four pillars i.e. community participation,
intersectoral coordination, appropriate technology, and equitable distribution. It is based on the principle of self-reticence which can be called ‘placing people’s health in people’s hands.

The Declaration of Alma-Ata state that primary health care comprises providing
promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services and includes at least the following:
– education about prevailing health problems and methods of preventing and
controlling them;
– promotion of food supply and proper nutrition;
– adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation;
– maternal and child health care, and family planning;
– immunization against the major infectious diseases;
– prevention and control of endemic diseases;
– appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries; and
– provision of essential drugs.

प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल

अल्मा-अता घोषणा ने प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल को a . के केंद्र के रूप में देखा
आवश्यक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल को सार्वभौमिक रूप से सुलभ बनाने के लिए देश की स्वास्थ्य प्रणाली। क्या
प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल है? घोषणा के अनुसार, प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल है
“व्यावहारिक, वैज्ञानिक रूप से ध्वनि और सामाजिक रूप से स्वीकार्य तरीकों और प्रौद्योगिकी पर आधारित आवश्यक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल को समुदाय में व्यक्तियों और परिवारों के लिए उनकी पूर्ण भागीदारी के माध्यम से सार्वभौमिक रूप से सुलभ बनाया गया है और समुदाय और देश उनके हर स्तर पर बनाए रखने के लिए खर्च कर सकते हैं। आत्मनिर्भरता और आत्मनिर्णय की भावना में विकास।

प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल चार स्तंभों यानी सामुदायिक भागीदारी पर आधारित है,
अंतरक्षेत्रीय समन्वय, उपयुक्त प्रौद्योगिकी और समान वितरण। यह आत्ममुग्धता के सिद्धांत पर आधारित है जिसे ‘लोगों के स्वास्थ्य को लोगों के हाथों में सौंपना’ कहा जा सकता है।

अल्मा-अता की घोषणा में कहा गया है कि प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल में प्रदान करना शामिल है
प्रोत्साहक, निवारक, उपचारात्मक और पुनर्वास सेवाएं और इसमें कम से कम निम्नलिखित शामिल हैं:
– प्रचलित स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं और रोकथाम के तरीकों के बारे में शिक्षा और
उन्हें नियंत्रित करना;
– खाद्य आपूर्ति और उचित पोषण को बढ़ावा देना;
– सुरक्षित पानी और बुनियादी स्वच्छता की पर्याप्त आपूर्ति;
– मातृ एवं शिशु स्वास्थ्य देखभाल, और परिवार नियोजन;
– प्रमुख संक्रामक रोगों के खिलाफ टीकाकरण;
– स्थानिक रोगों की रोकथाम और नियंत्रण;
– आम बीमारियों और चोटों का उचित उपचार; और
– आवश्यक दवाओं की व्यवस्था।

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare evolved a ‘National Health Policy’ in
1982 keeping in view the national commitment for attaining the goal of ‘Health for All by 2000 AD’. The policy was approved in 1983. Keeping in mind the present health situation, it sets goals and targets to be achieved by 1985, 1990 and 2000 AD.

The emphasis is on achieving health for all by 2000 AD through primary health
care. 

The important points highlighted in the National Health Policy are :
1) Emphasis on preventive and promotive aspects of health care.
2) Emphasis on availability of health care at doorstep.
3) Development of a National Medical and Health Education Policy.
4) Formation of a Health Committee at every village to project health needs of
the community.
5) Involvement of non-government organizations in health care delivery.
6) Greater involvement of Indian systems of medicine and homeopathy in the
health system by phased integration with modern system.
7) Organised services for school students.
8) Built up management information system for assessing manpower
requirements and taking timely decisions.

9) Indigenous manufacture of essential biomedical equipment.
10) Starting health insurance schemes on statewise basis.
11) Priority attention to be given to nutrition and distribution of food to rural and
slum population.
12) Prevention pf food adulteration.
13) Strengthening of MCH services which includes training of traditional birth
attendants or dais and referral of all complicated cases to experts.
14) Phasing out of private practice by doctors by providing non-practising
allowance.
15) Formation of a separate national population policy.

राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य नीति

स्वास्थ्य और परिवार कल्याण मंत्रालय ने में एक ‘राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य नीति’ विकसित की है
1982 ‘2000 ई. तक सभी के लिए स्वास्थ्य’ के लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने की राष्ट्रीय प्रतिबद्धता को ध्यान में रखते हुए। नीति को 1983 में मंजूरी दी गई थी। वर्तमान स्वास्थ्य स्थिति को ध्यान में रखते हुए, यह 1985, 1990 और 2000 ईस्वी तक प्राप्त करने के लिए लक्ष्य और लक्ष्य निर्धारित करता है।

प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य के माध्यम से 2000 ई. तक सभी के लिए स्वास्थ्य प्राप्त करने पर जोर दिया गया है
देखभाल।

राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य नीति में जिन महत्वपूर्ण बिंदुओं पर प्रकाश डाला गया है वे हैं:
1) स्वास्थ्य देखभाल के निवारक और प्रोत्साहक पहलुओं पर जोर।
2) घर के दरवाजे पर स्वास्थ्य देखभाल की उपलब्धता पर जोर।
3) राष्ट्रीय चिकित्सा और स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा नीति का विकास।
4) प्रत्येक गांव में स्वास्थ्य संबंधी जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए एक स्वास्थ्य समिति का गठन
समुदाय।
5) स्वास्थ्य देखभाल वितरण में गैर-सरकारी संगठनों की भागीदारी।
6) चिकित्सा और होम्योपैथी की भारतीय प्रणालियों की अधिक से अधिक भागीदारी
आधुनिक प्रणाली के साथ चरणबद्ध एकीकरण द्वारा स्वास्थ्य प्रणाली।
7) स्कूली छात्रों के लिए संगठित सेवाएं।
8) जनशक्ति के आकलन के लिए निर्मित प्रबंधन सूचना प्रणाली
आवश्यकताओं और समय पर निर्णय लेना।

9) आवश्यक बायोमेडिकल उपकरणों का स्वदेशी निर्माण।
10) राज्यवार स्वास्थ्य बीमा योजनाएं शुरू करना।
11) ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पोषण और भोजन के वितरण पर प्राथमिकता से ध्यान दिया जाना चाहिए
झुग्गी आबादी।
12) रोकथाम पीएफ खाद्य अपमिश्रण।
13) एमसीएच सेवाओं का सुदृढ़ीकरण जिसमें पारंपरिक जन्म का प्रशिक्षण शामिल है
परिचारक या मंच और सभी जटिल मामलों का विशेषज्ञों को रेफरल।
14) गैर-अभ्यास प्रदान करके डॉक्टरों द्वारा निजी प्रैक्टिस से बाहर करना
भत्ता।
15) एक अलग राष्ट्रीय जनसंख्या नीति का गठन।

2. Name the four basic components of primary health care as per the Alma-Ata
Declaration.

The Alma-Ata Declaration, adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978, outlined the principles and components of primary health care. The four basic components identified in the declaration are:

1. Essential health care: The provision of essential health services to individuals and communities, focusing on the most common and significant health problems in the population. It includes promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services, addressing both physical and mental health needs.

2. Intersectoral collaboration: Recognizing that health is influenced by various social, economic, and environmental factors, primary health care should involve collaboration and coordination with other sectors such as agriculture, education, housing, and social welfare. This intersectoral approach aims to address the root causes of health problems and improve overall well-being.

3. Community participation: The active involvement of individuals, families, and communities in their own health care. Primary health care should be based on the needs and preferences of the community, with participation in planning, implementation, and evaluation of health programs. It emphasizes empowering individuals and communities to take control of their health and make informed decisions.

4. Appropriate technology: The use of scientifically sound and socially acceptable technology in health care delivery. Primary health care should utilize practical, affordable, and sustainable methods and technologies that are appropriate for the local context. This includes medical devices, drugs, diagnostic tools, and health information systems that are accessible and affordable to all.

These four components work together to establish a comprehensive, community-based, and people-centered approach to primary health care, promoting health equity, universal access to essential health services, and addressing the broader determinants of health.

3. List any four targets set-up by India with respect to Health for All by 2000 AD.

India set several targets with respect to achieving Health for All by the year 2000 AD. Here are four of them:

1. Immunization: India aimed to achieve universal immunization coverage for preventable diseases by 2000 AD. The target was to ensure that all children receive immunizations against diseases such as polio, measles, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. The goal was to reduce the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases and their associated morbidity and mortality.

2. Maternal and Child Health: India aimed to improve maternal and child health indicators by the year 2000 AD. This included reducing maternal mortality rates (MMR) and infant mortality rates (IMR) significantly. The target was to enhance access to quality antenatal care, skilled birth attendance, and postnatal care to ensure the well-being of mothers and children.

3. Communicable Diseases: India focused on controlling and reducing the burden of communicable diseases by the year 2000 AD. The targets included decreasing the prevalence of diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS through comprehensive prevention, detection, treatment, and care programs. The goal was to improve overall public health by addressing these major infectious diseases.

4. Primary Health Care: India aimed to strengthen primary health care services and infrastructure across the country. This involved expanding the network of primary health centers, improving the availability of essential drugs and supplies, and enhancing the quality of care at the grassroots level. The objective was to ensure accessible, affordable, and comprehensive health care for all individuals, particularly in rural and underserved areas.

These targets were set to align with the global goal of Health for All by the year 2000 AD, emphasizing the importance of equitable health care access, disease prevention, and improving health indicators in India.